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62.1. 13 


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PREFACE 


THIS  BOOK  IS  NOT  A TECHNICAL 
PUBLICATION,  BUT  HAS  BEEN 
COMPILED  FOR^  THE  USE  OF 
THOSE  INTERESTED  IN  LOCO- 
MOTIVE OPERATION.  IT  WILL 
BE  INVALUABLE  ESPECIALLY 
TO  THOSE  ANTICIPATING 
PROMOTION. 


V'ufjv  ightedNor,  I5.-J909 
■■y  John  C.  Rhodes 
/V alloy  Junction,  Iowa 

COMPILED  AND  PUBLISHED 
BY 

J.  C.  RHODES 

Valley  Junction, 
Iowa 


oil  13 
•R'34^. 


W 


FIRST  YEAR  EXAMINATION. 


50.  What  time  previous  to  starting  out 
should  a fireman  get  around,  and  what  are 
his  duties  in  connection  with  inspecting  sup- 
plies and  preparing  his  fire  before  starting  oht 

on  a trip  ? " , ^ , 

Ans.  In  sufficient  time  to  do  the  work  re- 
quired to  he  ready  to  leave  at  time  called  for. 
He  should  see  that  there  is  sufficient  water  m 
the  boiler  by  opening  a gauge-cock,  a proper 
supply  of  coal  and  water  in  the  tender,  that 
ash-pan  is  clean,  dumps,  dampers,  grates  and 
their  connections  in  working  condition,  one 
extra  shovel,  one  slash-bar,  coal  pick,  ash  hoe 
and  clinker  hook  if  desired,  then  look  after 
the'  fire,  gradually  building  it  up  th  suitable 
depth  and  maintaining  same  to  meet  the  com- 
ing conditions. 

51.  What  is  combustion?.  1 . 

Ans.  Combustion  is  the  chemical  union  of 

the  atoms  of  the  coal  with  the  atoms  ie 
air,  to  effect  which  it  is  necessary  that  u*ey 
meet  at  a high  temperature. 

52.  At  what  temperature  is  combustion 

complete?  , , ..  „ , 

Ans.  Above  eighteen  hundred  degrees  Fahr- 
enheit. 

53.  At  what  temperature  will  water  boil 
in  an  open  vessel  and  no  pressure?  (a)  At 
200  pounds  pressure  per  gauge? 


Ans,  212  pounds,  and  3$7  pounds,  respec- 
tively. 

v 54.  What  is  the  color  of  a flame  when  com- 

bustion is  complete? 

Ans.  White  heat. 

55/  What  is  the  combustible  part  of  coal? 
*.  (a)  The  non-combustible  parts  ? 

Ans.  Fixed  carbon  and  gaseous  matter. 
Non-combustible  parts  are  ashes,  sulphur  and 
iron. 

56.  How  much  air  is  required  to  burn  one 
pound  of  coal? 

Ans.  About  300  cubic  feet  of  free  air. 

57.  Why  is  the  exhaust  steam  allowed  to 
escape  through  the  stack? 

Ans.  To  draw  the  required  quantity  of 
air  through  the  fire  for  each  pound  of  coal 
consumed. 

58.  How  much  water  should  a pound  of 
coal  evaporate  in  light  service?  (a)  In  heavy 
service,  and  why  the  difference? 

Ans.  About  5 pounds  of  water.  In  heavy 
service  about  9 pounds’  of  water,  the  amount 
being  controlled  by  the  conditions  under  which 
the  engine  is  being  operated.  - 
1 7 59.  Name  points  on  road  where  grates  must 

n ..  shaken  and  why. 

Ans.  They  must  not  be  shaken  while  on 
bridges,  trestles,  culverts,  cattle-guards  or  near 
buildings,  to  avoid  fires. 

60.  What  must  be  done  with  ashes  and 
clinkers  removed  enroute  ? 

Ans.  They  must  be  leveled  down  and  ex- 
tinguished by  water. 

61.  What  is  the  objection  to  carrying  fire 
or  red-hot  clinkers  on  face  of  grates,  in  ash 


•f  • 

pans  and  smoke  boxes?  (a)  Why  will  clinkers 
on  the  grate  prevent  full  steam  pressure? 

A ns.  Because  clinkers  prevent  the  flow  of 
air  through  the  fire  and  fire  in  ash  pans  will 
warp  their  walls,  and  is.  liable  to  burn  out 
the  grates  and  connections,  and  is  also  con- 
ducive to  the  overheating  of  the  rear  axle 
bearings,  (a)  Fire  in  smoke  boxes  is  liable  to 
warp  front  end. 

62:  What  causes  clinkers  to  form  around 

flues  and  stay  bolts? 

Ans.  Clinker  is  formed  by  the  fusion  of  the 
impurities  in  the  coal.  Expansion  and  con- 
traction of  flues  and  fire  box  sheets  causes 
them  to  seep ; the  moisture  around  the  stay 
bolt  heads  and  end  of  flues  aids  the  clinker  to 
stick  fast.  With  coal  containing  these  im- 
purities clinker  will  form  though  fire  box  be 
perfectly  dry. 

63.  What  is  the  largest  size  lump  of  coal 
that  may  be  applied  to  a fire  ? 

Ans.  Should  not  exceed  5 inches  in  thick- 
ness, 1 ' 

64.  How  should  coal  be  applied  to  a fire 
when  engine  is  working? 

Ans.  Commence  in  time,  put  fire  in  leis- 
urely, allowing  the  door  to  remain  closed  a 
brief  interval  between  each  shovelful  for  the 
furnace  to  regain  its  temperature. 

65.  Why  must  fire-door  be  closed  following 
each  shovelful  applied  to  fire  when  engine 
is  working? 

Ans.  Because  the  inrush  of  air  causes 
rapid  cooling  and  contraction  of  the  fire  box 
sheets  and  is  injurious  to  flues  and  flue  sheet. 


-4- 


66.  "Why  should  the  steam  pressure  not  be 
allowed  to  drop  more  than  ten  pounds  when 
engine  is  working  ? 

Ans.  The  variation  in  pressure  causes  con- 
traction and  expansion  which  is  injurious  to 
flues  and  stay  bolts,  causing  them  to  leak. 

67.  What  is  black  smoke  and  how  may  it 
be  eliminated? 

Ans.  It  is  a mixture  of  gases  and  carbon. 
With  engine  properly  drafted  and  a fair  grade 
of  coal,  by  firing  light  and  often. 

68.  Do  you  understand  that  black  smoke 
is  prohibited  around  stations  and  city  limits? 

Ans.  Yes. 

69.  How  may  smoke  be  prevented  when 
engine  is  not  working? 

Ans.  By  the  proper  use  of  the  blower  and 
opening  the  door  slightly. 

70.  What  are  the  indications  when  a fire 
burns  with  a dull  red  color? 

Ans.  Combustion  is  incomplete. 

71.  Why  is  it  extravagant  and  harmful  to 
apply  too  many  scoopfuls  of  coal  at  a time  ? 

"Ans.  Because  a large  quantity  of  coal 
thrown  on  the  fire  is  at  first  a great  absorbent 
of  heat,  produces  black  smoke,'  cools  the  fire 
box  and  flues,  causing  contraction,  followed 
by  an  intensely  hot  fire,  causing  expansion 
which  results  in  leaky  flues,  broken  stay  bolts 
and  general  injury  to  the  boiler. 

72.  What  should  be  the  condition  of  the 
fire  and  water  level  in  boiler  when  starting  ? 

Ans.  Fire  should  be  in  good  condition  so 
as  to  keep  door  closed  whiles  engine  is  work- 
ing hard  forcing  the  train  into  speed.  The 
water  level  should  be  uniformly  high,  but 


—5— 


not  sufficient  to  work  over  into  the  valves 
and  cylinders. 

73.  What  should  be  the  condition  of  the 
fire  when  engine  is  about  to  descend  a long 
grade  ? 

Ans.  In  such  condition  as  will  maintain  an 
even  pressure.  If  necessary  to  inject  water 
into  boiler,  blower  must  be  used  to  thoroughly 
heat  same. 

74.  What  is  the  effect  on  the  working  of 
the  fire  if  a number  of  flues  are  choked  in 
one  place  ? 

Ans.  Will -cause  holes  to  be  torn  in  fire 
when  engine  is  working  hard. 

75.  What  adjustments  are  necessary  when 
more  coal  is  consumed  in  the  front  than  in.  the 
rear  of  the  fire  box! 

Ans.  The  diaphragm  should  be  raised. 

76.  What  is  the  effect  on  the  fire  if  too 
little  air  enters  through  the  grate? 

Ans.  Combustible  gases  escape  unturned, 
and  fire  will  burn  slowly. 

77.  By  whose  authority  may  draft  appli- 
ances in  smoke  box  be  readjusted? 

Ans.  By  authority  of  the  Supt.  of  Motive 
Power  upon  the  approval  of  the  Master  Me- 
chanic or  Road  Foreman  of  Equipment. 

78.  What  is  the  evil  effect  of  allowing 
steam  or  air  leaks  in  smoke  box? 

Ans.  Steam  leaks  in  smoke  box  will  pre- 
vent steaming  of  engine. 

Air  leaks  may  cause  the  cinders  to  ignite 
and  damage  the  front  door  or  smoke  box. 

79.  What  might  result  in  starting  a heavy 
train  with  fire  too  low? 


—6— 


Axis.  It  is  liable  to  lift  fire  from  the  grates, 
tearing  holes  in  the  fire,  admitting  cold  air, 
reducing  fire  box  temperature,  causing  a re- 
duction of  boiler  pressure. 

80.  When  and  why  should  a fire  be  applied 
enroute  in  suburban  service  ? 

Ans.  Should  be  applied  immediately  after 
the  engine  has  started  to  avoid  black  smoke 
around  depots. 

81.  What  should  be  the  water  level  in  boiler 
prior  to  cleaning  the  fire  ? (a)  Why  should  not 
the  injectors  be  used  during  the  process  of 
fire  cleaning  or  thereafter? 

Ans.  Maximum  level,  (a)  Pressure  would 
be  reduced  causing  contraction  of  fire  box 
sheets,  resulting  in  leaky  flues  and  stay  bolts. 

82.  Why  must  water  not  be  fed  to  the 
boiler  when  engine  is  starting  a train? 

Ans.  Because  fire  is  not  in  condition  to 
heat  fresh  supply  of  water  and  maintain  the 
pressure. 

83.  How  should  the  water  level  be  varied 
when  frequent  stops  are  made  ? 

Ans.  It  should  be  allowed  to  lose  enroute, 
but  not  more  than  can  be  regained  while  stand- 
ing without  loss  of  pressure. 

84.  What  damage  will  result  if  water  is 
not  kept  on  the  crown  sheet  ? 

Ans.  It  will  become  overheated  and  be 
forced  down  by  the  pressure  above  it. 

85.  Why  must  the  tender  not  be  overloaded 
with  coal? 

Ans.  It  would  make  tank  top  heavy  and 
be  shaken  off,  resulting  in  loss  of  fuel  and 
possibility  of  doing  personal  injury. 


86.  Describe  the  blower  and  its  use. 

Ans.  The  'blower  valve  is  connected  at  the 

fountain  and  connected  to  the  stack  by  means 
of  a pipe.  Its  purpose  is  to  create  a draft 
when  the  engine  is  not  working  steam,  the 
draft  being  induced  chiefly  by  the  friction  of 
the  particles  of  steam  against  the  particles 
of  gases,  in  the  smoke  box  and  stack. 

87.  Why  is  the  slipping  of  driving  wheels 
both  damaging  to  the  fire  box  and  the  loco- 
motive generally? 

Ans.  From  the  fact  that  the  driving  wheels 
and  rods  together  with  the  other  machinery 
dependent  upon  them  for  the  regular  and  even 
movement  of  the  locomotive  are  turned  loose 
at  a rapid  rate  without  any  check  on  their 
momentum  except  such  as  the  strength  of 
the  material  can  offer  with  the  straining  effect 
upon  it.  An  excessive  amount  of  air  is  drawn 
through  the  grates,  decreasing  the  tempera- 
ture in  the  fire  box,  which  has  its  effect  upon 
flues  and  fire  box  sheets. 

88.  Explain  the  construction  of  a locomo- 
tive boiler. 

Ans.  The  principal  parts  of  a boiler  are: 
The  fire  box,  boiler  barrel  or  waist,  smoke 
box,  smoke  stack  and  steam  dome.  The  side 
sheets  of  the  fire  box  are  staid  to  the  outer 
shell  of  the  boiler  by  stay  bolts  which  are 
threaded  and  screwed  into  places  previously 
drilled  and  tapped.  The  crown  sheet  is  sup- 
ported either  by  crown  bars  or  radial  stays. 

89.  Explain  the  principal  parts  of  safety 
valves  and  their  purpose. 

Ans.  Yalve  casing,  spring  and  screw  bolt. 
It  relieves  the  boiler  when  maximum  pressure 
is  reached. 


— 8-— 


4r 


,90.  What  must  be  done  when  it  is  found 
that  the  water  level  in  the  boiler  has  become 
dangerously  low? 

Ads.  Fire  must  be  extinguished. 

91.  AVhat  is  the  effect  of  mud  and  scale 
formation  in  a boiler  ? 

Ans.  The  scale  acts  as  a non-conducting 
coat  to  the  heating  surfaces  and  consequently 
is  a waste  of  heat  and  tends  to  cause  the  sur- 
faces to  overheat. 

92.  What  effect  has  a small  nozzle  tip  on 
the  fire?  (a)  On  the  working  of  the  engine? 

Ans.  Creates  strong  draught,  consumes 
more  coal ; increases  back  pressure  in  cyl- 
inders. 

93.  How  would  you  take  care  of  a boiler 
with  leaky  flues  or  fire  box  enroute? 

Ans.  Try  to  keep  a light  hot  fire  at  all 
times,  thus  keeping  the  sheets  from  cooling 
and  contracting. 

94.  What  causes  foaming  in  boilers  ? 

Ans.  May  be  due  to  the  presence  of  im- 
purities in  the  water,  such  as  alkali  or  soda 
in  excess,  grease,  soap  and  some  kinds  of  oil. 

95.  AVhat  may  be  done  to  reduce  foaming 
enroute  ? 

Ans.  Frequent  use  of  blow-off  valve  and 
use  of  such  compounds  as  is  permissable. 

96.  AVhat  would  you  do  if  the  steam 
whistle,  blow-off  cock  or  hand  hole  plate  should 
blow  out  of  boiler? 

Ans.  Start  both  injectors  and  extinguish 
fire,  when  pressure  is  relieved  it  may  be  pos- 
sible to  make  repairs,  fill  boiler  fire  up  and 
proceed.  If  steam  whistle  blew  out  keep  water 


—9— 


4 


to  safe  level,  let  fire  die  down ; when  pressure 
is  relieved,  plug  opening  and  proceed. 

97.  Why  is  it  injurious. to  machinery  to 
work  water  in  cylinders  of  engines,  especially 
those  having  piston  valves? 

Ans.  There  is  danger  of  knocking  out  cyl- 
inder heads,  breajsing  pistons  and  packing 
rings,  breaking  eccentrics  and  eccentric  straps 
especially  with  piston  valves,  as  they  cannot 
lift  by  the  pressure  of  the  water  underneath. 

98.  Do  you  consider  it  improper  to  run 
with  two  or  more  water  gauge  cocks  stopped 
up? 

Ans.  Yes. 

99.  Should  you  depend  entirely  upon  the 
water  glass  for  carrying  the  water  in  the 
boiler  ? 

Ans.  No. 

1Q0.  Why  should  the  fireman  keep  a con- 
stant watch  on  the  water  level  in  the  boiler? 

Ans.  That  he  may  keep  the  fire  in  condi- 
tion to  heat  the  water  to  be  injected  into 
the  boiler  and  maintain  an  even  temperature. 

101.  What  may  be  done  in  the  way  of  re- 
pairs to  a broken  grate  enroute? 

Ans.  It  may  be  possible  to  prop  grate 
up.  If  not,  iron  bars  or  even  rock  may  be 
used  to  cover  or  fill  opening  sufficient  to  hold 
fire.  , 


—10— 


QUESTIONS  ON  OIL  BURNING. 


102.  What  is  the  difference  between  a coal 
and  an  oil  burning  locomotive? 

Ans.  It  is  necessary  to  remove  the  dia- 
phragm, netting  grates  and  connections,  and 
substitute  the  ash  pan  for  one  of  special  design 
and  coal  space  on  tender  fitted  with  oil  tank. 

103.  Where  is  connection  made  to  locomo- 
tive boiler  for  receiving  steam  supply  from 
stationary  plant? 

Ans.  To  valve  in  cab. 

104.  At  what  pressure  should  stationary 
plants  be  cut  off  and  boiler  allowed  to  supply 
its  own  steam? 

Ans.  Twenty  or  more. 

105.  How,  and  under  what  conditions  may 
wood  be  used? 

Ans.  In  the  absence  of  steam  or  air  supply 
a fire  of  wood  may  be  carefully  laid,  but  must 
be  entirely  consumed  before  engine  starts  on 
a run,  otherwise  the  sparks  may  cause  damage 
to  property. 

106.  Describe  the  oil  burner,  operation, 
possible  defects  and  remedies  therefor. 

Ans.  It  is  a simple  casting  containing  long 
ports  with  an  extension  lip.  The  upper  port 
is  for  the  passage  of  oil  and  the  lower  for 
steam.  The  lip  is  to  aid  the  steam  in  atomizing 
and  spreading  the  oil,  which,  when  properly 
mingled  with  the  air  and  ignited,  will  produce 

—11— 


combustion.  It  must  be  inspected  and  note 
that  burner  is  adjusted  so  that  blaze  will  strike 
the  lower  portion  of  the  flash  wall,  that  the 
mouth  of  the  burner  is  free  from  carbon  and 
slag. 

107.  What  is  the  purpose  of  the  fire  brick, 
and  how  are  they  located'? 

Ans.  To  aid  in  proper  combustion  and  con- 
sequent good  steaming.  They  are  located  in 
ash  pans  extending  to  sufficient  height  around 
the  walls  of  the  fire  box. 

108.  What  is  the  purpose  of  the  emergency 
cord? 

Ans.  To  be  used  in  case  of  accident  or  fire 
in  ash  pans  when  standing,  or  otherwise  when 
it  is  desired  to  quickly  stop  the  flow  of  oil 
from  tank. 

109.  Why  should  lights  not  be  used  around 
oil  tank  opening? 

Ans.  To  prevent  the  liability  of  fire  and 
explosion. 

110.  How  is  the  fireman’s  oil  supply  valve 
constructed  ? 

Ans.  It  is  of  the  ordinary  plug  cock  type 
having  “V”  shaped  ports. 

111.  Describe  the  positions  for  the  handle 
on  fireman’s  oil  supply  valve. 

Ans.  It  is  closed  when  handle  is  to  the 
extreme  left,  and  wide  open  when  to  the’ 
extreme  right. 

112.  Explain  how  to  leave  a locomotive  at 
terminal  and  end  of  trip. 

Ans.  Securely  close  all  steam  and  oil  valves 
and  ash  pan  damper;  drip  valves  “I”  and 
‘*Q”  open. 


— 12 — 


113.  When  and  how  are  the  fines  to  be 
sanded  ? 

Ans.  Often  enough  to  prevent  an  accumu- 
lation of  soot.  Continue  to  use  sand  as  long 
as  soot  and  black  smoke  prevail.  It  is  done 
when  engine  is  working  by  placing  the  mouth 
of  the  funnel  in  the  hole  in  the  fire  door, 
moving  it  about,  endeavoring  to  have  sand 
reach  all  flues. 

111.  How  are  the  fires  to  be  started,  or 
re-started! 

Ans.  See  that  there  is  the  proper  amount 
of  water  in  the  boiler  by  opening  a gauge 
cock  • that  there  is  no  accumulation  of  oil  in 
the  ash  pan  and  fire  box  or  existing  leaks 
throughout;  that  fireman’s  regulating  valve 
handle  “ J”  is  in  extreme  left  position  and  oil 
valves  “W”  and  “Y”  are  wide  open.  If  in 
round-house,  see  that  steam  blower  valve  “G”' 
is  closed,  then  make  steam  or  air  connection  at 
“A”  in  cab.  If  oil  in  tank  is  too  cool  to 
readily  flow  to  burner  it  must  be  heated.  Open 
valve  “D”  and  blow  steam  through  burner,  at 
the  same  time  opening  damper  “L”  and  blow- 
er valve  “H”  enough  to  create  a slight  draft 
at  the  stack;  close  valve  “D”  while  placing  a 
piece  of  ignited  oily  waste  through  the  open 
fire  door  in  front  of  burner ; closing  fire  door, 
reopen  valve  “D”  then  move  handle  “J”  of 
fireman’s  valve  to  the  right  sufficiently  to 
allow  some  oil  to  be  blown  from  the  burner 
above  the  blazing  waste  and  watch  the  ignition 
through  hole  in  the  fire  door.  Regulate  steam 
and  oil  supplies  to  suit.  Be  sure  no  oil  is 
wasting  below  the  burner  or  an  explosion  may 
result. 


—13— 


115.  Explain  the  proper  use  of  the 
damper  ? 

Ans.  It  must  be  regulated  to  suit  condi- 
tions. With  fire  extinguished  or  engine  drift- 
ing, damper  should  be  closed. 

116.  Explain  the  proper  use  of  the  blower. 

Ans.  On  account  of  its  destructiveness, 

blower  must  be  used  sparingly,  and  as  little 
as  consistent  to  meet  requirements,  when 
throttle  is  closed.. 

117.  Under  what  conditions  may  an  em- 
ploye enter  an  oil  tank  for  cleaning  the 
strainer,  etc.  ? 

Ans.  After  tank  has  been  thoroughly 
drained,  steamed  and  washed  out  with  cold 
water. 

118.  What  causes  smoke,  and  how  may  it  be 
prevented  ? 

Ans.  By  burner  being  out  of  adjustment, 
faulty  construction  of  brick- work  or  improper 
method  of  handling.  An  accurate  location  of 
the  burner  and  close  regulation  of  steam,  oil 
and  air,  and  proper  condition  of  other  acces- 
sories will  prevent  same. 

119.  What  is  the  effect  of  supplying  too 
much  oil? 

Ans.  It  is  destructive  to  fire  box  and  flues, 
causes  black  smoke  and  oil  is  liable  to  waste 
below  burner. 

120.  Why  should  oil  not  be  allowed  to  drip 
from  burner  to  ash  pan  ? 

Ans.  It  is  liable  to  cause  an  explosion. 

121.  Why  should  leaks  not  exist  in  oil  ap- 
pliances ? 


—14— 


Ans.  It  would  be  waste  of  oil,  and  is  also 
dangerous. 

122.  What  should  be  the  condition  of  the 
fir®  and  water  level  in  boiler  when  starting 
a train,  and  why? 

Ans.  The  fire  must  be  so  regulated  that 
the  maximum  steam  pressure  will  be  main- 
tained. Water  level  should  be  uniformly  high, 
but  not  sufficient  to  work  over  into  valves  and 
cylinders. 

123.  What  is  the  objection  to  carbon  or 

slag  on  tip  of  burner  or  face  of  flash-wall 
in  fire  box  ? 1 

Ans.  Black  smoke  may  ensue  and  poor 
steaming  result. 

124.  When  and  how  is  the  oil  in  tanks 
heated,  and  what  is  the  maximum  degree  al- 
lowed ? 

Ans.  When  the  oil  will  nut  flow  freely 
from  tank  to  burner,  to  heat  oil  open  steam 
valve  and  regulate  to  supply  sufficient 

pressure  to  coil  “R”;  the  maximum  is  112 
degrees. 

125.  What  is  the  purpose  of  the  extra 
heater  on  the  engine  ? 

Ans.  Simply  to  aid  in  giving  the  oil  addi- 
tional heat  when  desired. 

126.  Explain  how  to  operate  the  heaters. 

Ans.  Open  cock  on  boiler  head  just  suffi- 
cient to  produce  steam-water  at  drain  cock 
under  tank.  Heater  should  be  used  constantly 
when  weather  is  chilly.  Keep  drain  cock  to 
super-heater  open  just  sufficient  to  keep  cylin- 
der dry. 


—15— 


127.  Who  is  responsible  for  the  perform- 
ance of  the  locomotive  enroute? 

A ns.  The  engineer. 

■j  ' I 

128.  Must  fireman  obey  the  instructions 
of  engineman  as  long  as  they  do  not  conflict 
with  the  Company’s  rules? 

Ans.  Yes. 


— 16— 


SECOND  YEAR  EXAMINATION. 


135.  What  are  an  engineman’s  duties  prior 
to  taking  out  an  engine  for  a trip? 

Ans.  He  should  ascertain  work  that  was 
previously  reported,  that  there  is  sufficient 
water  in  the  boiler  by  opening  a gauge  cock; 
see  that  the  engine  is  in  good  working  order 
and  furnished  with  necessary  tools  and  sup- 
plies. 

136.  What  are  the  engineman’s  duties  at 
the  end  of  a trip? 

Ans.  He  must  leave  the  boiler  filled  with 
water  to  the  maximum  level,  after  thorough 
inspection  report  in  writing  the  necessary 
work  to  be  done  on  engine. 

137.  What  supplies  are  consumed  on  a 
locomotive  each  trip  ? 

Ans.  Coal,  oil,  water  and  sand. 

138.  What  tools  constitute' a locomotive 
equipment  ? 

Ans.  Tools  that  are  designated  for  different 
classes  of  engines  that  would  enable  engine- 
man  to  disconnect  and  care  for  engine  out 
on  the  road. 

139.  What  tools  are  assigned  to  the  per- 
sonal use  of  the  engineman  ? 

Ans.  (Note  the  requirements.) 

140.  How  does  steam  travel  from  dome, 
through  cylinders  to  stack? 

Ans.  When  throttle  valve  is  open  it  enters 


—17— 


stand  pipe,  dry  pipe,  passes  through  to  nig- 
ger-head, to  steam  pipes,  to  steam  passages,  to 
the  steam  chests.  When  either  steam  port  lead- 
ing to  the  cylinders  is  uncovered  by  the  valve 
steam  enters  the  cylinders  and  escapes  from  the 
cylinders  through  the  same  port  which  it  en- 
tered, through  the  exhaust  passages  in  the 
cylinder  saddle,  to  exhaust  pipe  and  nozzle 
through  the  petticoat  pipe  and  stack  to  the 
atmosphere. 

141.  How  is  the  power  of  the  steam  trans- 
mitted from  pistons  to  drawbar  ? 

Ans.  Steam  transmits  power  to  the  draw- 
bar by  the  pressure  exerted  on  the  piston, 
piston-rod,  cross  head,  main  rod  and  crank 
pin  in  driving  wheels  on  axle,  on  driving  box 
to  frame  to  which  draw-bar  is  indirectly  at- 
tached. 

142.  What  is  the  purpose  of  safety  valves 
on  cylinder  heads,  and  to  what  pressure  must 
they  be  adjusted? 

Ans.  To  relieve  cylinder  of  over-pressure 
from  any  cause ; should  be  set  twenty  pounds 
in  excess  of  working  pressure. 

143.  What  may  you  do  for  repairs  to  a 
broken  spring  in  a safety  valve  Cnroute? 

Ans.  Screw  down  on  the  adjusting  screw 
until  steam  ceases  to  escape. 

144.  How  will  you  know  when  a dry  pipe 
is  leaking? 

Ans.  By  the  action  of  the  engine.  To  test, 
fill  boiler  with  water  to  a height  that  would 
submerge  dry  pipe.  If  steam  and  water  comes 
out  of  cylinder  cocks  dry  pipe  is  leaking. 

145.  Explain  the  principle  on  which  an 
injector  works. 


—18— 


Ans.  It  works  upon  the  principle  of  in- 
duced currents.  Steam  enters  the  injector  at 
a high  temperature  and  with  great  velocity. 
Coming  in  contact,  with  cold  water  condenses 
the  steam  and  absorbs  the  heat.  A part  of  its 
velocity  is  imparted  to  the  water,  giving  it 
sufficient  energy  to  force  the  check  valve  open 
and  enter  the  boiler  against  high  pressure. 

146.  How  may  you  prevent  an  injector, 
hose  and  branch  pipe  freezing  enroute  ? 

Ans.  Close  overflow  valve,  open  water  valve 
and  steam  valve,  regulate  steam  supply  at 
fountain,  open  frost  valve  on  branch  pipe 
near  check  valve. 

147.  Describe  the  common  causes  of  in- 
jectors failing  and  the  remedies  to  apply  for 
such  failures  enroute. 

Ans.  Feed  pipe  stopped  up,  leak  in  feed 
pipe,  water  in  feed  pipe  too  hot,  boiler  check 
shut  or  open,  tank  valve  disconnected. 

If  water  too  hot  or  tank  valve  disconnected 
close  overflow  valve  and  blow  steam  back  into 
tank.  This  will  remove  obstruction  and  feed 
hose  fills  with  fresh  water  from  tank.  If  boiler 
check  stuck  shut  or  open  it  sometimes  can  be 
moved  by  tapping  lightly  on  the  valve  casing. 

For  leaky  feed  pipe,  remedy  is  obvious. 

148.  Where  are  the  strainers  located  and 
how  can  you  clean  them? 

Ans.  Located  in  feed  pipe,  some  engines 
have  an  extra  strainer  in  feed  pipe;  to  clean, 
take  down  hose. 

149.  What  should  be  done  when  both  in- 
jectors fail  enroute? 

Ans.  Extinguish  fire  and  notify  proper 
officer. 


— 19 — 


150.  How  may  you  prevent  the  loss  of 
water  from  boiler  when  check  valves  stick 
open  ? 

Ans.  Close  overflow  valve,  and  water  regu- 
lating valve  (if  there  is  one)  and  water  ram, 
which  will  prevent  water  from  passing  through 
injector,  until  can  get  check  down. 

151.  How  would  you  proceed  to  fill  a dead 
boiler  enroute,  having  plenty  of  water  in  tank 
and  a live  locomotive  at  your  disposal? 

Ans.  Open  injector  throttle,  tank  valves 
and  water  ram,  place  lever  in  direction  you 
wish  to  go,  open  engine  throttle,  wrap  relief 
valves  to  prevent  intake  of  air,  have  live  en- 
gine move  you.  The  pistons  will  pump  air 
out  of  boiler  and  atmospheric  pressure  will 
force  water  from  tank  into  boiler. 

152.  Explain  the  construction  of  the  blow- 
off  cocks  on  boilers,  and  how  they  are  to  be 
used  to  get  rid  - of  water,  advantageously, 
when  standing. 

Ans.  There  are  rnkny  kinds  of  blow-off 
cocks,  the  simplest  is  the  plug  valve  which  is 
opened  by  hand ; the  pneumatic  blow-off  cock 
has  a piston  on  which  the  steam  or  air  pres- 
sure acts  to  open  the  valve  when  standing,  mud 
and  scale  will  settle  to  the  bottom,  to  use,  open 
blow-off  for  a few  seconds,  then  close  a few 
seconds  ; do  not  reduce  pressure  to  exceed  ten 
pounds. 

153.  Explain  the  construction  and  opera- 
tion of  a sight  feed  lubricator. 

Ans.  A sight  feed  lubricator  consists  of 
oil  reservoirs  with  its  filling  and  drawing  plugs 
located  respectively  at  top  and  bottom  of  oil 
reservoir ; oil  feed  pipes  and  sight  feed  glasses ; 


— 20 — 


indicator  glass  to  oil  reservoir;  condensing 
chamber  above  oil  reservoir,  and  supplied  with 
steam  by  pipe  connection  to  globe  valve  at 
fountain;  a valve  called  water  valve  to  shut 
off  communication  between  condensing  cham- 
ber and  oil  reservoir  and  feed  valves  located 
at  bottom  of  sight  feed  glasses. 

There  are  pipes  used  to  convey  the  oil  from 
top  of  sight  feed  glasses.  To  operate,  fill  with 
oil,  with  oil  valves  closed;  then  open  steam 
valves  and  water  valves ; regulate  feed  with 
feed  valves. 

154.  Explain  in  what  order  the  valves 
should  be  opened  or  closed  for  filling,  start- 
ing or  stopping  a lubricator. 

Ans.  For  filling,,  close  oil  feeds,  steam 
valve  and  water  valve.  For  starting,  open 
steam  valve;  then  water  valve;  open  feeds 
when  desired. 

155.  How  will  you  get  oil  to  cylinders 
when  lubricator  fails  ? 

Ans.  When  drifting  shut  off  open  oil  cups 
attached  to  oil  pipes  just  over  sight  feed 
glasses  and  pour  in  the  oil.  The  vacuum  in 
cylinders  Avill  draw  the  oil  through  pipes  to 
cylinders,  or  oil  through  relief  valves. 

156.  How  may  you  blow  out  a lubricator 
that  fails  to  work?  (a)  How  may  you  blow 
out  a choked  sight  feed  of  a lubricator? 

Ans.  Close  all  valves,  drain  oil  out  of  lu- 
bricator, open  steam  and  water  valves,  open 
drain  plug  and  sight  feeds.  This  will  blow 
steam  through,  removing  dirt,  (a)  If  sight 
feed  becomes  choked  up,  close  water  valve 
leaving  feed  valve  well  open  on  glass  to  be 
cleaned ; open  drain  plug, ' when  water  and 


—21— 


sediment  in  the  glass  will  be  drawn  into  body 
of  lubricator. 

157.  How  many  drops  of  valve  oil  per 
minute  should  be  fed  to  different  sizes  of 
cylinders,  including  the  air  pump? 

Ans.  Would  depend  upon' work  required 
and  condition  of  engine  and  boiler;  good  or 
bad  Abater,  for  air  pumps,  1 to  2 drops  per 
minute.' 

158.  Why  do  lubricators  feed  faster  at 
different  times? 

Ans.  Too  much  cold  air  striking  lubrica- 
tor will  affect  its  feeding;  equalizing  tubes 
partially  stopped  up,  or  choke  plugs  worn 
too  large. 

159.  Explain  how  the  weight  of  our  Pacific 
(4-6-2)  type  of  engines  is  supported  above 
the  journal  boxes. 

Ans.  Spring  resting  upon  saddle  over  top 
rail  of  frame  connected  by  spring  hanger  to 
equalizer  upon  which  the  frame  rests. 

160.  How  should  sand  be  used  when  engine 

is  slipping?  ; > '4§ 

Ans.  Sand  should  not  be  applied  while 
engine  is  slipping. 

161.  How  would  you  run  an  engine  and 
lubricate  a moving  piston  on  a disabled  side  ? 

Ans.  Take  out  water  valve  or  indicator 
plug  and  oil  through  opening.  Engines  not 
having  water  valves  or  indicator  plugs  loosen 
cylinder  head  sufficient  to  admit  oil. 

162.  Name  all  the  parts  of  a Stephenson 
valve  motion. 

Ans.  Eccentrics,  eccentric  straps,  eccentric 
rods,  link,  upper  and  lower  rocker  arm,  valve 
rod,  link-hanger,  reverse  shaft  arm,  tumbling 


v 


—22— 


shaft  and  vertical  arm,  reach  rod,  reverse 
lever,  quadrant  and  counter  balance  spring. 

163.  What  is  the  duty  of  each  pair  of  ec- 
centrics ? - 

Ans.  To  give  the  valves  their  motion  or  a' 
reciprocating  movement. 

164.  How  are  eccentrics  secured  on  axles? 

Ans.  By  set  screws  and  keys. 

165.  How  may  you  set  a slipped  eccentric? 

Ans.  There  are  several  quick  methods  of 

setting  eccentrics.  When  time  is  considered, 
a good  way  is  to  move  the  eccentric  until  its 
web  or  spoke  forms  an  angle  with  the  main 
pin  as  nearly  equal  to  that  .of  the  other  eccen- 
tric as  it  is  possible  to  judge,  secure  the  eccen- 
tric in  this  position  and  get  away. 

166.  How  is  a plain  D-slide  valve  balanced  ? 

Ans.  By  placing  strips  on  back  of  valve 

in  suitable  grooves  and  securing  a balanced 
plate  to  the  under  side  of  the  steam  chest 
cover  that  the  strips  would  come  in  contact 
with  and  form  nearly  a steam-tight  joint, 
preventing  the  steam  chest  pressure  from 
exerting  any  pressure  downward  on  the  back 
of  the  valve.  A hole  is  drilled  in  the  back 
of  the  valve.  Any  steam  leaking  by  the  strips 
will  pass  to  exhaust. 

167.  How  is  a piston  valve  constructed? 

Ans.  The  piston  valve  derives  its  name 

from  its  form  being  piston  shape  and  con- 
nected together  by  a stem.  There  are  two 
packing  rings  fitted  in  each  end.  The  exhaust, 
branches  and  communicates  with  the  end  of  the 
steam  chest.  This  type  of  valve  is  known  as 
an  internal  admission  or  indirect  valve. 


— 23 — 


168.  How  can  you  detect  a valve  running 
dry  or  cutting? 

Ans.  By  action  on  reverse  lever  when  cut- 
ting there  will  usually  be  a groaning  of  cyl- 
inder. 

169.  AVhat  pressure  is  on  the  stems  of 
piston  valves  on  our  simple  engines? 

Ans.  Whatever  back  pressure  there  may 
be  due  to  exhaust  steam  escaping  through 
nozzle  tip. 

170.  How  will  you  locate  a “blow”  in  a 
slide  valve? 

Ans.  Place  engine  on  quarter  on  side  to 
be  tested,  cover  ports,  open  cylinder  cock  and 
open  throttle  with  brake  set.  If  steam  comes 
out  of  one  or  both  cylinder  cocks  on  that  side  it 
would  indicate  valve  was  blowing. 

171.  How  will  you  locate  a “blow”  in  a 
piston  valve? 

Ans.  Place  valve  in  mid  position  to  cover 
ports,  set  brake  and  open  throttle,  open  cylin- 
der cocks  and  note  if  there  is  flow  of  steam. 

172.  What  is  meant  by  giving  a valve} 
“lead”? 

Ans.  “Lead”  is  the  amount  of  port  open- 
ing of  the  valve  when  the  piston  Is  at  the 
beginning  of  its  stroke. 

173.  How  does  the  “lead”  vary  on  the 
Stephenson . motion  ? 

Ans.  Increases  as  reverse  lever  is  moved 
towards  center  notch. 

174.  What  is  meant  by  the  term  ‘ ‘ cut-off’ 9 ? 

Ans.  The  point  of  the  stroke  at  which 

the  port  is  closed. 

175.  What  are  the  advantages  of  using 
steam  expansively? 


Ans.  Economy.  Just  how  far  to  expand 
the  steam,  however,  is  the  point  that  must 
be  considered  and  decided  by  the  engineer. 
In  determining  the  position  in  which  reverse 
lever  and  throttle  must  be  carried  the  engi- 
neer must  take  into  consideration  speed  and 
weight  of  train,  profile  of  road  and  steam 
quotations. 

176.  What  is  the  purpose  of  the  link? 

Ans.  The  purpose  of  the  link  is  two-fold. 

1st,  it  provides  a means  of  readily  reversing 
the  engine.  By  means  of  it  the  rocker  can 
be  quickly  thrown  under  control  of  one  or 
the  other  of  the  eccentrics  ; 2d,  it  provides  a 
means  whereby  the  admission  of  steam  tuj 
the  cylinders  can  be  readily  cut  off  at  different 
parts  of  the  stroke. 

177.  What  is  the  difference  between  the 
Stephenson  and  Walschaert  valve  gears? 

Ans.  The  Walschaert  valvo  differs  from 
the  Stephenson  link  motion  in  that  it  requires 
for  each  cylinder  but  one  eccentric  or  its  equiv- 
alent to  insure  the  movement  of  the  valve. 
The  eccentric  is  secured  to  the  axle  either 
directly  or  by  a return  crank  -from  one  of 
the  crank  pins.  There  is  a combining  lever 
attached  to  the  cross-head  and  radius  rod 
which  gives  the  valve  a movement  equal  to 
its  lap  and  lead. 

178.  Prom  what  two  points  does  a valve 
receive  motion  in  the  Walschaert  gear? 

Ans.  Prom  the  eccentric  and  combining 
lever,  connected  to  cross-head. 

179.  What  moves  the  valve  in  the  Wals- 
chaert gear  when  lever  is  run  in  the  center 
notch  ? 


—25— 


Ans.  The  combining  lever  and  connecting 
link  attached  to  cross-head. 

185.  Explain  how  to  disconnect  and  use 
steam  on  both  sides  with  Walschaert  gear  when 
either  an  eccentric  crank,  eccentric  rod,  bot- 
tom link  arm,  or  one  of  the  two  link  trunions 
is  broken. 

Ans.  Disconnect  eccentric  rod,  also  radius 
rod  from  hanger,  block  same  in  center  of  link. 
Now  the  combining  lever  and  connecting  link 
attached  to  cross-head  will  give  the  valve  its 
movement,  sufficient  perhaps,  to  move  engine 
off  center. 

186.  Explain  how  to  disconnect  Walschaert 
gear  for  clamping  valve  centrally  for  operat- 
ing on  one  side. 

Ans.  1st,  disconnect  combining  lever  con- 
necting link  at  main  cross-head.  2d,  shift 
valve  stem  to  desired  position  for  clamping. 
3rd,  remove  eccentric  pin  out  of  crank  arm 
and  swing  its  rod  to  running  board.  4th,  tie 
combining  lever  and  connecting  link  ahead 
sufficiently  for  clearing  main  cross-head  move- 
ment. 

187.  After  disconnecting  a main  rod,  where 
and  how  must  the  cross-head  be  blocked  on 
the  respective  classes  of  engines  ? 

An.s  At  the  back  end  of  guides  except  on 
engines  where  cross-head  will  not  clear,  block 
at  front  end  of  guides  even  with  travel  mark, 
block  in  front  of  cross-head  using  clamps  or 
blocks  binding  with  wire  or  bell  cord. 

188.  How  can  a “blow”  in  cylinder  pack- 
ing rings  be  located? 

Ans.  Place  the  side  of  the  engine  to  be 
tested  on  the  top  quarter,  block  wheels,  open 


—26— 


cylinder  cocks,  place  reverse  lever  in  forward- 
corner,  open  throttle.  If  steam  blows  through 
back  cylinder  cocks  as  well  as  the  front  one 
it  indicates  cylinder  packing  blowing. 

189.  How  would  you  locate  a bad  “pound” 
in  an  engine1? 

Ans.  When  you  have  determined  which 
side  of  engine  “pound”  is  on,  place  crank 
pin  on  that  side  on  top  quarter,  block  wheels, 
give  engine  a little  steam,  reversing  engine 
suddenly  a few  times,  while  you  watch  all 
points  on  that  side.  , , 

190.  How  would  you  set  up  a wedge?  (a) 
How  can  a wedge  be  kept  in  position  when 
its  bolt  is  broken  ? 

Ans.  Engine  should  have  up  steam  stand- 
ing on  straight  track ; set  engine  on  top  quar- 
ter on  that  side,  cut  out  driver  brake,  set 
tank  brake,  place  lever  in  forward  motion,  give 
engine  just  enough  steam  to  force  driving  box 
up  against  the  shoe,  proceed  to  set  up  wedge, 
(a)  By  fastening  a nut  or  piece  of  iron  be- 
tween pedestal  and  wedge. 

191.  How  would  you  work  an  engine  on 
heavy  train  and  bad  rail. 

Ans.  Would  use  as  light  a throttle  as  pos- 
sible and  increase  travel  of  valve.  Engine 
would  be  less  liable  to  slip. 

192.  In  what  position  should  reverse  lever 
be  for  different  speeds  when  drifting? 

Ans.  At  a high  rate  of  speed,  lever  should 
be  kept  near  center  notch.  It  can  be  lowered 
according  as  speed  decreases. 

193.  What  is  the  danger  from  using  sand 
on  but  one  side?  (a)  Or  catching  a slipping 
engine  on  sand? 


—2  7— 


Ans.  The  strain  of  both  engines  is  thrown 
on  one  side,  (a)  Sudden  catching  of  wheels 
on  sand  is  liable  to  result  in  a,  loss  of  a crank 
pin  or  other  damage,  besides  subjecting  engine 
to  an  unnecessary  strain. 

194.  What  would  you  do  for  a hot  driving 
boxenroute?  (a)  Crank  pin?  (b)  Truck  jour- 
nal? 

Ans.  First,  see  if  it  had  been  getting  the 
oil  intended  for  it.  If  not  too  hot,  a good  plan 
is  to  raise  the  waste  on  top  of  box  and  pour 
on  a couple  quarts  of  water;  then  an  oiling 
of  valve  oil  will  often  times  bring  it  down. 
When  wedges  are  up  taut  it  is  a good  plan 
to  slack  off  on  same.  When  supplied  with 
water  pipes,  often  times  a small  stream  of 
water  run  between  hub  and  box  or  on  journal 
next  to  inside  of  box  will  get  engine  to  termi- 
nal. In  extreme  cases  pull  waste  off  top  of 
box  and  run  water  on  top.  (a)  Kfcep  grease 
well  screwed  down,  slack  off  on  key  if  neces- 
sary. (b)  Examine  cellar  packing,  repack  if 
necessary.  If  heat  due  to  broken  brass  ar- 
range to  renew  it. 

195.  Would  you  reverse  engine  with  drive 
brakes  applied? 

Ans.  No. 

196.  How  may  you  get  sliding  driving 
wheels  to  again  revolve  without  releasing  train 
brakes  ? 

Ans.  By  the  use  of  the  hand  release  in 
cab.  If  conditions  will  permit  give  engine 
steam  at  the  same  time. 

197.  What  would  you  do  if  both  water 
tank  valves  should  become  disconnected  while 
closed  enroute  ? 


—2a— 


Ans.  Close  overflow  valve,  open  injector 
throttle  and  try  to  blow  the  valve  out. 

198.  What  are  your  several  duties  before 
going  into  the  details  of  disconnecting  a dis- 
abled engine  ? 

Ans.  See  that  train  is  properly  protected. 
If  possible,  notify  the  proper  officers  of  condi- 
tions. 

199.  How  will  you  proceed  to  locate  a 
broken  valve  stem  in  chest  and  prepare  to  pro- 
ceed on  one  side? 

Ans.  Beginning  on,  say  the  right  side, 
place  main  pin  on  quarter,  open  cylinder  cocks 
admitting  a little  steam  to  cylinders,  then 
move  reverse  lever  from  one  corner  to  the 
other.  If  steam  does  not  show  at  the  same 
point  of  cut-off  in  both  motions  the  trouble 
is  on  that  side.  When  there  is  relief  valve 
in  front  put  a plug  in  same  of  sufficient  length 
to  hold  valve  over  port.  This  will  hold  valve 
from  coming  forward.  Disconnect  valve  stem 
at  rocker  arm,  push  it  up  against  valve  and 
clamp  it;  remove  relief  valves  in  cylinders 
and  run  with  main  rod  up  on  heavy  power. 
AVith  engines  not  having  relief  valves  so  lo- 
cated, disconnect  and  shove  valve  ahead,  dis- 
connect main  rod,  and  block  cross-head  accord- 
ingly, as  steam  will  now  pass  through  open 
port  to  cylinder. 

200.  How  would  you  disconnect  and  block 
in  case  of  a broken  go-ahead  eccentric,  rod 
or  strap  ? 

Ans.  AVhen  but  short  distance  from  desti- 
nation; remove  broken  strap  and  rod ; clamp 
valve  in  mid  position,  leave  main  rod  up ; take 
off  link  hanger  and  allow  link  to  ride  on  the 


— 29 — 


link  block.  If  distance  is  too  great  it  is  best 
to  take  down  both  eccentric  straps  and  rods 
and  proceed  on  one  side. 

201.  If  back  motion  parts  are  broken? 

Ans.  Remove  broken  parts,  secure  a block 

of  wood  in  link  slot  between  bottom  of  link 
block  and  bottom  of  link;  fasten  the  bottom 
of  the  link  both  forward  and  back  so  it  can- 
not swing  back  and  forth.  Engine  can  now  be 
run  ahead  with  reverse  lever  in  corner.  If 
distance  is  too  great  disconnect  both  straps 
and  proceed  on  one  side. 

202.  If  link-hanger,  saddle  pin  or  tumbling 
shaft  is  broken  ? 

Ans.  Remove  broken  parts;  raise  links  to 
such  position  as  will  enable  engine  to  handle 
train;  next  measure  the  distance  between  top 
of  the  link  block  and  top  of  link  slot;  cut  a 
block  of  that  length  that  will  fit  ipto  the  slot 
on  top  of  the  link  block  on  the  broken  side, 
also  a block  between  link  block  and  bottom  of 
link,  allowing  enough  space  between  the  blocks 
for  the  slip  of  the  link  on  the  block. 

203.  If  reach  rod  is  broken? 

Ans.  Proceed  same  as  in  answer  202. 

204.  If  link  block  pin  is  broken  ? 

Ans.  Disconnect  valve  stem,  clamp  to  cover 
ports,  secure  bottom  rocker  arm  to  clear  move- 
ment of  link,  run  main  rod  usual  way. 

205.  If  bottom  rocker  arm  is  broken,? 

Ans.  Remove  broken  parts,  note  that  blade 

pin  does  not  travel  too  close  to  any  part  of 
rocker  still  remaining.  The  link  may  be  left 
up.  Disconnect  the  usual  way. 

206.  If  intermediate  arm  is  broken  between 
rocker  arm  and  link  block? 


—30— 


Ans.  Take  intermediate  arm  down,  discon- 
nect and  calmp  valve,  run  main  rod  usual 
way. 

207.  If  bridge  in  valve  seat  is  broken? 
Ans.  Disconnect  valve  stem,  clamp  valve  to 

cover  ports,  run  main  rod  usual  way. 

208.  If  piston  rod  is  broken? 

Ans.  When  piston  breaks  it  almost  invari- 
ably causes  front  cylinder  head  to  be  knocked 
out.  If  piston  breaks  close  to  cylinder  head 
and  is  not  bent  or  damaged,  all  that  is  neces- 
sary to  do  is  to  disconnect  valve  and  clamp  in 
mid  position.  If  rod  is  broken  at  some  other 
point,  knock  out  key;  disconnecting  it  from 
cross-head,  remove  broken  parts,  run  main  rod 
usual  way. 

209.  If  valve  stem  or  top  rocker  arm  is 
broken  ? 

Ans.  Remove  broken  parts,  disconnect  and 
clamp  valve  to  cover  ports,  run  mam  rod  usual 
way. 

210.  If  piston  or  cylinder  head^is  broken  ? 
Ans.  If  piston  or  front  cylinder  head  is 

broken,  disconnect  valve  to  cover  ports,  run 
with  main  rod  up.  If  back  head,  it  would  no 
doubt  affect  the  guides;  if  so  disconnect  main 
rod  also. 

211.  If  guides  or  cross-head  broken? 

Ans.  Disconnect  valve  and  clamp  to  cover 

ports,  disconnect  main  rod.  It  may  be  neces- 
sary to  block  cross-head  at  front  end  of  guides. 

212.  If  main  rod  or  its  strap  is  broken? 
Ans.  Disconnect  valve  and  clamp  to  cover 

ports,  take  down  main  rod,  fasten  block  on 
pin  to  hold  side  rod  in  position. 


— 31 — 


213.  If  key  is  lost  out  of  main  rod? 

Ans.  Insert  a piece  of  iron  as  near  the 
proper  size  as  is  possible  to  obtain;  drive  in 
taut.  This  will  hold  until  arrangements  can 
be  made  for  a better  one. 

214.  If  side  rod  broken  on  two  pairs  of 
driving  wheels?  (a)  Three  pairs?  (a)  Four 
pairs  ? 

Ans.  If  front  side  rods  are  broken  on  con- 
solidation engine  take  them  down.  If  back 
rods,  take  them  down.  If  on  both  front  pair 
and  one  back,  take  down  the  broken  rods  and 
the  one  directly  opposite.  If  side  rods  be- 
tween main  and  number  two  drivers  are  broken 
take  down  all  side  rods,  disconnect  and  clamp 
both  valves;  run  main  rods  up  and  tow  engine 
in.  If  ten- wheel  or  Mogul  or  an  engine  with 
eccentrics  connected  to  main  shaft,  take  down 
broken  side  rods  and  the  one  opposite.  You 
can  proceed  with  just  main  rods  up.  Always 
take  down  opposite  side  rod. 

215.  If  main  rod  crank  pin  broken? 

Ans.  With  engine  having  eccentrics  on 

other  than  main  shaft  take  down  all  rods, 
disconnect  and  clamp  valve,  block  cross-heads 
and  be  towed,  except  if  but  short  distance  to 
clear  main  line,  it  might  be  permissible  to 
leave  rods  up  on  good  side  and  run  engine 
light,  using  throttle  very  carefully;  if  eccen- 
trics on  main  shaft,  take  down  all  rods  except 
* main  rod  on  good  side,  run  carefully. 

216.  If  main  driving  wheel  axle  broken  ? 

Ans.  In  this  case  just  how  much  damage 

will  be  done  cannot  be  determined.  If  no 
other  damage  is  done  and  engine  is  one  of 
our  consolidation  type,  remove  all  side  rods 


—32— 


and  main  rods,  clamp  valves  in  mid  position, 
remove  broken  wheel  if  possible ; if  not,  swing 
both  main  wheels  from  the  rail.  To  do  this 
raise  the  driver  until  the  box  is  at  the  top  ot 
the  jaws  and  block  below  the  box  and  the  ped- 
estal brace  in  order  to  carry  the  wheel  off  the 
rail.  Block  under  ends  of  springs  and  on  top 
of  lower  rail  of  frame  to  relieve  the  box  of 
the  weight  it  carried.  Knock  out  saddle  pins 
and  remove  saddles;  chain  wdieels  to  fiames. 
If  time  is  an  object,  eccentrics  being  on  num- 
ber two  shaft  they  can  be  left  up  and  engine 
towed  in  carefully  to  avoid  further  damage. 
If  eccentrics  are  on  main  shaft  axle,  broken 
next  to  hub,  proceed  as  with  broken  crank 
pin. 

217.  If  driving  wheel  spring  or  hanger 
broken  ? 

Ans.  If  on  eight-wheel  engine,  run  main 
driver  upon  a wedge  so  as  to  relieve  the  back 
spring*,  pry  up  front  end  of  the  equalizer  until 
it  is  level  and  block  it  there;  then  run  main 
driver  off  the  wedge  and  run  back  driver  upon 
a wedge  and  put  a block  on  top  of  main  box 
under,  frame ; run  engine  off  wedge  and  slacken 
off  on  driving  box  wedge  a little  to  prevent 
sticking.  Oil  this  box  freely.  On  other  class 
of  engines  block  with  a view  to  getting  the 
use  of  the  remaining  springs. 

218.  If  equalizer  between  driving  wheels 
broken  ? 

Ans.  Run  back  driver  up  on  a wedge  and 
block  on  top  of  main  driving  box;  run  back 
driver  off  and  front  driver  up  on  a wedge 
and  block  on  top  of  back  driving  box;  remove 
broken  parts,  also  springs  if  necessary. 


—33— 


219.  If  enigne  truck  spring  or  hanger 
broken?  (a)  Tender  spring  broken? 

Ans.  In  many  cases  engine  will  run  to 
terminal;  if  not  raise  front  end  of  engine,  pry 
up  frame  on  broken  side  ,and  block  between 
the  equalizer  and  truck  frame  close  to  the 
spring  band,  keeping  it  up  level  with  the  other 
side.  If  a Mogul  truck,  block  between  the  top 
of  the  truck  box  and  the  truck,  (a)  If  there 
were  but  one  spring  remove  broken  parts  and 
block  between  tank  and  truck. 

220.  If  long  equalizer  between  pony  truck 
and  first  drivers  broken? 

Ans.  It  will  depend  on  the  position  of  the 
break.  On  some  engines  the  fulcrum  is  con- 
structed with  two  holes  through  the  equalizer  - 
for  the  purpose  of  changing  the  weight  on  the ' 
truck  wheels.  In  case  this  equalizer  breaks 
forward  of  the  fulcrum  bearing  remove  broken 
piece.  Then  place  blocks  on  top  of  the  pony 
truck  frame  directly  under  the  frame  of  the 
engine;  run  pony  truck  up  on  wedges  so  as 
to  raise  the  engine  frame  with  respect  to  the 
front  driving  boxes ; pry  the  back  end  of  the 
equalizer  down  until  it  is  possible,  to  put 
another  pin  through  the  extra  hole  in  equalizer 
fulcrum  casting,  then  run  the  truck  wheels  off 
the  wedge.  Another  plan  is  to  raise  the  front 
end  of  the  engine  frames  and  pry  the  front 
ends  of  the  front  driving  springs  down  to 
position  and  chain  the  cross  equalizer  to  po- 
sition by  chaining  around  the  engine  frames. 
This  plan  could  be  adopted  where  brake  is 
back  of' the  fulcrum  bearing. 

221.  If  front  engine  truck  wheel  or  axle 
broken?  (a)  Rear  truck  wheel  or  axle? 


— 34 — 


Ans.  It  might  be  advisable  to  block  and 
slide  wheel ; if  not,  jack  up  the  front  of  the 
engine  high  enough  to  take  the  weight  off  the 
truck,  raise  the  truck  frame  and  the  box  with 
broken  axle  parallel  to  the  one  on  opposite 
side  and  put  a block  under  the  journal  box  on 
the  stay  plate  or  pedestal  that  is  thick  enough 
to  hold  the  box  in  that  position;  chain  the 
truck  in  position  by  means  of  a chain  wound 
around  the  main  frame  and  stay  plate ; fasten 
another  chain  to  the  corner  of  the  truck  frame 
nearest  the  broken  axle  and  the  engine  frame 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  engine  to  prevent 
the  end  of  the  trucks  from  swinging  far  enough 
to  allow  the  wheel  to  drop  off  the  rail.  A 
block  should  then  be  placed  between  the  top 
end  of  the  equalizer  on  the  disabled  side  and 
the  engine  frame,  (a)  If  back  axle  breaks, 
chain  and  block  in  a similar  manner. 

222.  If  front  section  of  frame  broken? 
(a)  Back  section? 

Ans.  Report  broken  frame  at  once  and  give 
up  train,  (a)  If  top  rail  breaks  at  any  point, 
would  give  up  train.  Discretion  should  be 
used;  disconnect  or  not  as  judgment  dictates. 

223.  If  driving  wheel  tire  broken? 

Ans.  If  on  main  wheel  and  if  it  is  a bad 
crack,  or  even  if  broken  through,  if  the  tire 
is  still  on  the  wheel,  have  some  one  watch  it 
while  you  run  slow  and  try  to  reach  the  near- 
est siding.  If  tire  is  loose  enough,  remove  the 
tire,  taking  off  the  rods,  disconnect  on  broken 
side  and  remove  side  rods ; place  a jack  under 
the  axle  and  raise  the  broken  tire,  remove  the 
oil  cellar  and  fit  a hard-wood  block  between 
the  axle  and  the  pedestal;  block  under  the 
spring  to  relieve  box  of  its  weight.  Now  re- 


move  the  jack  from  under  the  axle  and  raise 
the  engine  on  the  broken  side  and  block  be- 
tween the  top  of  the  driving  box  and  the. 
frame  of  the  box,  or  boxes  next  to  the  main 
wheel  on  that  side.  Now  let  the  engine  down, 
and  if  the  wheel  clears  the  rail,  proceed  slowly ; 
if  not,  block  a little  higher.  If  tire  cannot 
be  removed  and  it  will  not  let  wheel  revolve, 
disconnect  on  both  sides  and  prepare  to  be 
towed  in.  Block  up  the  main  pair' of  wheels 
high  enough  to  clear  rail  on  both  sides. 

224.  If  tender  wheel  or  axle  broken? 

Ans.  It  might  be  advisable  to  block  and 

slide  the  wheel,  if  not  you  can  find  a piece 
of  rail  the  right  length  or  a cross-tie  will 
answer,  place  it  across  the  top  of  the  tank 
directly  over  the  broken  pair  of  wheels ; block 
under  the  rail  or  tie,  to  protect  the  flange  on 
top  of  tender;  jack  up  broken  pair  of  wheels 
to  clear  the  rail.  While  in  this  position  chain 
the  truck  to  the  rail  or  tie  above  the  tank  on 
both  sides. 

225.  If  trailing  wheel  or  axle  broken? 

Ans.  It  is  necessary  to  swing  that  wheel 

and  carry  it  clear  of  the  rail.  Since  main 
drivers  are  so  far  forward,  some  means  must 
be  provided  to  prevent  back  end  of  engine 
from  settling.  Bun  the  trailer  up  on  a wedge 
until  slightly  higher  than  its  normal  position ; 
remove  the  oil  cellar  and  fit  a block  between 
bottom  of  trailer  box  rand  pedestal ; fit  a block 
in  place  of  the  oil  cellar  so  as  to  carry  the 
wheel  in  its  raised  position.  Next  relieve  the 
box  of  the  weight  it  carries  by  putting  a 
strong  chain  around  the  end  of  the  cross 
equalizer*and  chain  up  to  frame,  or  block  be- 
low cross  equalizer  in  safety  hanger.  When 


—36— 


trailer  is  carried  off  the  rail  the  overhanging 
weight  throws  considerable  strain  upon  driv- 
ing spring.  To  protect  this  spring,  block  be- 
tween top  of  driving  box  and  frame.  Still 
another  way  is  to  block  on  top  of  front  end 
of  equalizer  directly  under  frame ; take  a 
tie  or  piece  of  iron,  place  it  as  far  back  in 
deck  of  cab  as  possible,  allowing  it  to  extend 
over  on  deck  of  tank  a short  distance;  pass 
a chain  around  the.  rail  piece  of  engine  and 
around  tie  or  iron  after  raising  back  corner  of 
engine  slightly  higher  than  its  normal  posi- 
tion ; hook  chain  as  tightly  as  possible  and 
wedge  between  tie  and  chain  to  take  up  slack 
in  chain. 

226.  What  would  you  do  if  throttle  valve 
stuck  open  enroute?  (a)  If  stuck  closed? 

Ans.  A throttle  stuck  open  makes  an  en- 
gine rather  dangerous  to  handle.  Reduce 
steam  pressure  so  engine  can  be  handled  by 
means  of  the  brakes  and  reverse  lever.  When 
making  a stop  move  reverse  lever  to  center 
notch  and  apply  brakes. . Notify  Dispatcher 
of  conditions,  (a)  Prepare  to  be  towed  in. 

227.  How  would  you  finish  trip  if  reverse 
lever  was  caught  at  short  cut-off  by  a spring? 

Ans.  By  disconnecting  front  end  of  reach 
rod  or  lifting  arms  from  link  hangers ; block 
up  links  in  such  position  as  will  handle  the 
train. 

228.  AVhat  purpose  have  the  air-inlet  valves 
on  steam  chests? 

Ans.  To  overcome  vacuum  that  would  be 
formed  in  cylinders  drawing  hot  gases  and 
cinders  into  steam  chest. 


—37— 


229.  What  would  you  do  if  you  lost  an 
air-inlet  valve? 

Ans.  Screw  off  top  of  valve  casing  and  fit 
in  a block  of  wood;  except  Eng’s  1556  to 
1587,  1701  to  1783,  1901  to  1930  and  2100 
class;  would  remove  relief  valve  and  insert 
a two  inch  (pipe)  plug. 

230.  If  steam  heat  regulator  should  stick 
closed,  how  would  you  get  steam  to  train? 

Ans.  Remove  bottom  hex-nut  cap  and  take 
out  the  main  steam  valve  and  its  spring,  then 
replace  cap  and  control  pressure  by  boiler 
valve  remainder  of  the  trip,  when  it  must  be 
reported.  But,  if  it  is  a Mason  style  remove 
bottom  nut  cap,  but  instead  of  taking  out 
steam  valve,  block  about  one-fourth  inch  be- 
tween the  valve  and  its  piston. 

231.  What  is  the  greatest  steam  heat  pres- 
sure to  be  given  in  a 6-car  train?  (a)  A 10 
car  train? 

Ans.  60  pounds  maximum,  (a)  95  pounds 
maximum. 

232.  How  does  the  steam  travel  from  dome, 
through  cylinders  to  stack  of  a Baldwin  bal- 
ance compound? 

Ans.  Steam  passes  through  the  dry  pipe, 
through  steam  pipes  to  steam  port  which  is 
centrally  located  between  the  induction  ports 
of  the  high  pressure  cylinders.  Steam  enters 
the  high  pressure  cylinder  through  the  steam 
port  and  the  central  external  cavity  in  the 
valve.  The  exhaust  from  the  high  pressure 
cylinders  takes  place  through  the  opposite 
steam  port  to  the  interior  of  the  valve,  which 
acts  as  a receiver.  The  outer  edges  of  the 
valve  control  the  admission  of  steam  to  the 


—38— 


low  pressure  cylinder.  The  steam  passes  from 
the  front  of  the  high  pressure  cylinder  through 
the  valve  to  the  front  of  the  low  pressure 
cylinder,  or  from  the  back  of  the  high  pres-, 
sure  cylinder  to  the  back  of  the  low  pressure 
cylinder.  The  exhaust  from  the  low  pressure 
cylinder  takes  place  through  the  external  cavi- 
ties under  the  front  and  back  portion  of  the 
valve  which  communicates  with  the  final  ex- 
haust port.  The  starting  valve  controls  the 
two  live  steam  ports  of  the  high  pressure  cyl- 
inder to  allow  the  steam  to  pass  over  the 
piston. 

233.  How  should  a compound  engine  be 
started  with  a train  ? 

Ans.  Always  open  the  cylinder  cocks  to 
relieve  cylinders  of  condensation ; except  in 
case  the  engine  is  attached  to  a passenger 
train  at  a crowded  station  or  in  some  position 
when  it  is  undesirable  to  open  cylinder  cocks. 
Open  starting  valve  to  admit  steam  to  low 
pressure  cylinder.  After  a few  revolutions 
have  been  made  the  starting  valve  should  be 
closed. 

234.  How  would  you  disconnect  and  pro- 
ceed with  a broken  valve  stem  with  a Bald- 
win balance  compound  engine? 

Ans.  Clamp  valve  in  mid  position  to  cover 
ports ; take  out  water  valves  on  cylinder  head, 
leaving  main  rod  up  same  as  on  simple  engine. 
If  no  water  valves,  open  up  the  cylinder  heads 
sufficient  to  admit  oil  and  proceed  on  one  side. 

235.  What  should  be  done  for  a loose  pis- 
ton rod  in  cross-head  ? 

Ans.  Tighten  the  key.  If  unable  to  do 
this  account  badly  worn  or  broken  key,  re- 


—39— 


move  same  and  drive  a piece  of  iron  in,  making 
as  good  a fit  as  possible. 

236.  How  fast  may  a disconnected  engine 
be  run  without  injury  to  track? 

Ans.  It  would  depend  upon  conditions, 
class  of  engine,  etc. ; it  would  be  a matter  of 
good  judgment  upon  the  part  of  the  engi- 
neer, except  where  the  rules  limit  the  speed. 


— 40 — 


ELECTRIC  HEADLIGHT. 


237.  What  constitutes  a complete  electric 
headlight? 

Ans.  Engine  dynamo,  lamp  and  material. 

238.  What  kind  of  oil  should  be  used  on  the 
different  bearings?  (a)  Should  the  commu- 
tator be  lubricated? 

Ans.  Valve  oil  should  be  used  on  outside 
bearings.  Remove  plug  in  top  of  engine  once 
each  week  and  pour  in  a little  black  oil. 
(a)  No. 

239.  AVhat  may  result  if  brushes  bear  too 

hard  on  commutator ? (a)  Too  light? 

Ans.  It  creates  friction  heat  and  unneces- 
sary wear,  (a)  It  will  spark  and  commutator 
will  not  run  clean. 

240.  What  will  be  the  result  if  scale  is  al- 
lowed to  collect  on  copper  electrode? 

Ans.  It  prevents  the  generation  of  light. 

241.  How  should  the  tension  spring  be 
regulated  on  the  carbon  holder? 

Ans.  It  should  be  so  adjusted  that  when 
locomotive  is  running  the  light  will  be  steady, 
but  flicker  a little  when  standing.  The  looser 
the  spring  is  adjusted  the  better  and  a greater 
volume  of  light  will  result. 

242.  How  may  you  apply  a carbon  stick? 
(a)  About  how  many  hours  will  one  run? 

Ans.  Remove  upper  holder,  drop  bottom 
end  of  carbon  stick  through  tension  spring 


—41— 


and  replace,  upper  holder.  After  putting  in 
a new  carbon  always  push  down  on  lever 
No.  90  and  notice  that  the  carbon  lifts  and 
falls  freely.  If  carbon  does  not  lift  it  is  not 
in  the  clutch.  If  carbon  does  not  fall  down 
freely  turn  it  partly  around  and  find  the 
freest  place,  (a)  From  eight  to  nine  hours. 

243.  About  how  many  revolutions  per  min- 
ute should  the  dynamo  and  engine  run? 

Ans.  About  eighteen  hundred  revolutions 
per  minute,  unless  the  copper  electrode  burns 
off,  when  it  should  be  reduced  until  the  copper 
electrode  does  not  burn. 

244.  If,  when  starting  a dynamo  and  when 
up  to  the  proper  speed,  the  lamp  should  fail 
to  illuminate,  where  would  you  look  for  the 
trouble?  (a)  If  light  goes  out? 

Ans.  See  that  tension  is  not  adjusted  too 
taut,  and  that  electrode  Is  free  from  scale, 
(a)  Tension  spring  may  be  adjusted  too  loose, 
or  carbon  may  not  feed  freely. 

245.  What  is  the  general  cause  of  fast 
consumption  of  copper  electrode,  the  light 
burning  green,  and  what  would  you  do  in 
such  cases? 

Ans.  Excessive  speed.  Throttle  should  be 
used  to  regulate  speed  when  governor  fails. 

246.  What  troubles  are  determined  by  plac- 
ing a carbon  stick  across  the  two  binding  posts 
of  the  dynamo?  (a)  Across  the  two  binding 
posts  on  the  lamp? 

Ans.  If  there  is  a flash  when  removed  the 
dynamo  is  all  right.  If  there  is  no  flash  when 
carbon  is  removed,  commutator  needs  cleaning 
with  sandpaper,  (a)  Wires  broken  or  screws 
loose. 


-42- 


247.  What  may  be  the  damages  to  dynamo 
if  run  after  lam];  refuses  to  Durn  ? 

Ans.  Dynamo  will  heat  and  burn  out. 

248.  What  may  be  the  damages  to  a lamp 
if  allowed  to  burn  green? 

Ans.  Will  burn  and  melt  the  copper  elec- 
trode. 

249.  How  often  and  with  what  kind  of 
oil  should  the  steam  turbine  be  lubricated? 

Ans.  Once  a week  with  engine  oil. 


—43— 


THIRD  YEAR  EXAMINATION. 


AIR  BRAKE  AND  SIGNAL  QUESTIONS 


253.  Names  the  principal  parts  of  the 
steam  valve  motion  of  a Westinghouse  9 y2 
inch  pump. 

Ans.  Main  slide  valve,  differential  pistons 
and  connecting  rod,  reverse  slide  valve  and 
reversing  rod. 

254.  Name  the  principal  parts  of  the  valve  . 
motion  of  a New  York. No.  6 pump. 

Ans.  There  are  two  steam  cylinders,  and 
in  the  head  of  each  cylinder  is  located  a 
reversing  valve,  each  one  attached  to  a revers- 
ing rod  which  extends  into  the  piston  rod. 

255.  What  moves  the  slide  valves  in  New 
York  pumps  T 

Ans.  As  the  pistons  move  up  and  down 
in  the  cylinders,  just  as  they  are  about  to 
complete  their  stroke,  they  alternately  pull 
and  push  the  reversing  rods,  and  these  in 
turn  move  the  slide  valve  attached  to  their 
lower  end. 

256.  Explain  the  flow  of  steam  from  boiler 
to  stack  whenr  a Westinghouse  9 % inch  pump 
is  running. 

Ans.  As  steam  enters  pump  it  enters  the 
main  valve  chamber  between  pistons  77  and 
79.  Since  the  area  of  piston  77  is  greater  than 

—44— 


piston  79,  it  is  forced  to  the  right,  drawing 
with  it  piston  79  and  slide  valve  83,  which 
causes  the  slide  valve  to  uncover  a port  in 
the  seat  so  that  the  steam  can  pass  from  the 
main  valve  to  chamber  down  through  a pas- 
sage in  the  side  of  the  cylinder  to  the  under- 
side of  the  main  piston,  which  forces  it  up,  and 
the  reversing  plate  strikes  shoulder  “ J ’ ’ on 
the  reversing  valve  stem,  which  drives  the 
reversing  valve  up  and  allows  steam  in  revers- 
ing valve  chamber  to  pass  through  the  lower 
horizontal  port  in  the  main  valve  bushing  into 
chamber  between  the  head  84  and  piston  77. 
As  this  balances  the  pressure  on  both  sides 
of  the  large  piston  77,  the  small  piston  79  now 
pulls  the  slide  valve  to  the  opposite  end  of  the 
chamber  which  uncovers  the  supply  port  to 
the  top  of  the  main  piston  and  allows  the 
steam  to  force  it  down,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
the  steam  from  the  under  side  is  being  ex- 
hausted by  way  of  the  cavity  in  the  slide  valve 
which  now  has  the  lower  supply  port  and  the 
main  exhaust  connected.  There  is  a small  port 
between  the  plain  side  of  piston  79  and  the 
head  85  which  is  always  open  to  main  exhaust, 
so  that  no  back  pressure  can  remain  or  partial 
vacuum  be  formed  on  that  side  of  the  small 
piston.  The  main  valve  chamber  is  always  in 
communication  with  the  reversing  valve  cham- 
ber by  a small  port  in  bushing  75.  Cap  nut  74 
has  a small  port  in  it  which  allows  live  steam 
to  always  reach  the  top  of  the  reversing  valve 
steam  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  the  pressure 
balanced  on  both  ends  of  it. 

257.  Explain  the  flow  of  air  through  a 
Westinghouse  9 y2  inch  pump  to  the  main 
reservoir. 


—45— 


/ 

/ 

/ 


Ans.  As  the  piston  is  raised,  the  air  above 
it  is  compressed  and  as  soon  as  the  pressure 
below  the  discharge  valve  becomes  greater  than 
main  reservoir  pressure,  discharge  valve  raises 
and  air  is  forced  into  chamber  “G,”  thence 
into  main  reservoir.  The  upward  movement 
of  the  piston  produces  a suction  which  causes 
lower  receiving  valve  to  lift  from  its  seat. 
And  atmospheric  air  enters  through  strainer 
through  receiving  valve  to  cylinder.  On  the 
downward  stroke  the  effect  just  described  is 
produced  upon  the  opposite  corresponding  re- 
ceiving and  discharge  valve. 

258.  Explain  the  flow  of  steam  through 
a New  York  No.  6 pump. 

Ans.  When  starting  steam  enters  the  cham- 
bers “A”  and  “B,”  steam  passages  23  and 
26  are  open  for  admission  of  steam,  but  only 
piston  21  will  move  upwards.  The  steam  then 
enters  cylinder  4,  simply  acting  to  hold  pis- 
ton 22  down.  When  piston  21  completes  its 
stroke,  it  will  shift  slide  valve  6 to  its  upper 
position  and  steam  will  then  enter  cylinder 
4 through  port  27  and  underneath  piston  22, 
moving  it  upward.  The  live  steam  already  in 
cylinder  4 above  piston  22  will  then  exhaust 
through  ports  23  and  the  pump  will  proceed 
to  work  in  the  manner  described. 

259.  Explain  the  flow  of  air  through  a 
New  York  No.  6 pump  to  the  main  reservoir. 

Ans.  As  the  low  pressure  piston  starts  on 
its  upward  stroke,  a partial  vacuum  is  created 
on  under  side  of  it  and  atmospheric  pressure 
forces  the  bottom  receiving  valve  up,  filling  low 
pressure  cylinder  with  atmospheric  pressure, 
and  as  the  piston  does  not  move  again  until 
the  piston  in  the  high  pressure  cylinder  makes 


— 46 — 


its  stroke  upward,  creating  a partial  vacuum, 
the  bottom  receiving  valve  and  also  the  bottom 
intermediate  valve  are  forced  off  their  seats, 
and  when  the  atmosphere  has  equalized  in  both 
cylinders,  then  both  valves  drop  to  their  seats. 
As  the  low  pressure  piston  starts  down,  the 
lower  intermediate  valve  is  forced  from  its 
seat  and  air  in  low  pressure  cylinder  is  forced 
into  high  pressure  cylinder  which  was  pre- 
viously charged  with  air.  While  the  low  pres- 
sure piston  is  moving  down,  the  top  receiving 
valve  is  forced  from  its  seat  by  atmospheric 
pressure  rushing  into  cylinder.  As  the  high 
pressure  piston  starts  down,  a partial  vacuum 
is  formed  in  cylinder  and  atmospheric  pressure 
forces  top  receiving  and  top  intermediate  valve 
from  their  seats.  When  pressure  in  both  cyl- 
inders have  equalized  both  valves  drop  to  their 
seats  and  at  the  same  time  the  air  contained 
in  lower  end  of  high  pressure  cylinder  is 
being  discharged  through  bottom  discharge 
valve  into  main  drum. 

260.  What  is  the  greatest  number  of  strokes 
per  minute  each  piston  in  an  air  pump  should 
be  permitted  to  run  enroute? 

Ans.  Never  exceed  one  hundred  and  fifty 
strokes. 

261.  What  are  the  indications  when  a pis- 
ton makes  one  stroke  quicker  than  the  other  ? 

Ans.  One  of  the  air  valves  “blowing’ ’ or 
is  stuck  or  broken. 

262.  What  causes  air  pumps  to  overheat 
and  burn  out? 

Ans.  Bad  packing  rings  and  air  pistons; 
too  little  lift  of  air  valves  or  valve  stuck ; the 
ports  and  passages  gummed  or  clogged  due' 
to  excessive  use  of  poor  oil  in  air  cylinders. 


— 47 — • 


263.  How  much  valve  oil  should  he  fed  the 
steam  cylinders  of  an  air  pump  per  minute? 

Ans.  One  to  two  drops  per  minute. 

264.  Where  should  the  air  cylinders  be 
oiled,  and  with  what  kind  of  oil  f 

Ans.  New  York  pump,  through  automatic 
oil  cups,  with  valve  oil.  Westinghouse  pump, 
through  pet-cock  on  top  of  air  cylinder,  with 
valve  oil. 

265.  How  would  you  oil  steam  cylinders 
of  air  pumps,  should  lubricator  in  cab  fail 
enroute  ? 

Ans.  Westinghouse  pump,  shut  off  throttle, 
remove  reversing  cap.  New  York  pump,  shut 
off  throttle  and  disconnect  steam  pipe  at  union. 

266.  How  should  air  pumps  be  started? 

Ans.  Open  drain-cock,  open  throttle  and 

run  pump  slowly  until  30  pounds  pressure 
has  accumulated  in  main  reservoir. 

267.  How  many  air  valves  in  a New  York 
No.  6 pump,  and  how  may  you  clean  them 
when  on  a siding?  (a)  In  a 9y2  inch  pump? 

Ans.  Eight  valves.  Cut  out  train  line  un- 
der brake  valve,  shut  off  pump  and  drain  air 
out  of  main.  drum.  Begin  by  taking  out 
intermediate  valves,  low  pressure  valves,  then 
high  pressure  valves,  (a)  Four  valves. 

268.  How  will  you  inspect  for  loose  nuts 
on  end  of  piston  rods  of  a pump  ? 

Ans.  Remove  screw  plug  in  bottom  head. 
It  is  possible  to  feel  with  the'  fingers  if  nuts 
are  taut  and  in  place.  If  New  York  pump, 
take  out  automatic  oil-cup  and  proceed  as  with 
Westinghouse. 

269.  How  will  you  proceed  to  tighten  loose 
nuts  on  end  of  piston  rods  of  a pump? 


—48 — 


Au«.  Remove  cylinder  head  on  air  end  of 
pump. 

270.  What  may  an  engineman  do  to  start 
a stopped  pump  enroute  ? 

Ans.  Shut  off  throttle,  jar  steam  chest  a 
little,  then  turn  on  full  steam  pressure,  see 
that  steam  passes  through  the  governor  and 
drip-cocks  and  it  should  be 'observed  that  oil 
supply  is  sufficient.  Nuts  on  end  of  main  pis- 
ton, steam  valves  and  valve  gear  examined  and 
that  pipes  and  strainers  are  not  choked  or 
frozen. 

271.  To  whom  must  engineman  report  by 
wire  when  the  air  pump  completely  fails  en- 
route, and  why? 

Ans.  Division  Superintendent  and  Chief 
Dispatcher,  to  obtain  instructions  for  loco- 
motive and  train  for  the  remainder  of  the 
trip. 

272.  What  must  be  done  when  a pump  fails 
on  head  engine  of  a double  header  enroute  ? 

Ans.  Brakes  must  be  operated  by  second 
engine  and  engines  switched  at  first  oppor- 
tunity if  thek class  will  permit: 

273.  What  is  the  purpose  of  the  main 
reservoirs  ? 

Ans.  To  re-charge  the  auxiliary  reservoirs 
to  carry  a pressure  in  excess  of  the  fra  in  line 
pressure  to  readily  release  the  brakes. 

274.  AYhat  is  the  greatest  pressure  allowed 
in  main  reservoirs? 

Ans.  120  pounds. 

275.  What  is  the  standard  pressure  allowed 
to  be  carried  on  the  train  pipe  and  auxiliary 
reservoirs  ? 

Ans.  70  pounds. 


— 4S— 


276.  Explain  the  construction  of  the  pump 
governor. 

Ans.  There  is  a duplex  and  ordinary  kind 
in  use.  The  duplex  has  two  tops  containing 
the  air  valves  and  regulating  springs.  The  or- 
dinary kind  has  one  top.  There  is  a diaphragm' 
valve,  a heavy  regulating  spring  bearing  on  top 
of  diaphragm  holding  it  down.  The  pin  valve 
attached  to  the  center  of  diaphragm  closes  port 
leading  to  top  of  air  valve.  The  tension  of 
spring  being  a little  less  than  the  air  pressure 
desired.  To  regulate,  remove  cap-nut  and  turn 
screw  bolt.  The  air  valve  which  is  attached  to 
upper  end  of  steam  valve  is  held  up  in  its  cylin- 
der by  the  pressure  of  steam  in  steam  valve. 
There  is  a drip  opening  made  through  the  body 
of  the  governor  to  prevent  the  accumulation  of 
air  and  steam  that  might  leak  by  the  governor 
pistons. 

277.  When  two  air  portions  (duplex)  are 
employed  on  governors,^  what  pressure  does 
each  control? 

Ans.  One  controls  train  line  pressure  and 
shuts  off  pump  when  brake  handle  is  in  full 
release  position.  The  other  controls  main 
drum  pressure  when  brake  handle  is  in  any 
other  position. 

278.  When  one  air  portion  is  employed  on 
governors,  what  pressure  does  it  control  ? 

Ans.  Main  drum. 

279.  Explain  how  to  readjust  goyernors  for 
controlling  the  proper  air  pressures. 

Ans.  Remove  the  cap,  regulate  by  turning 
the  screw  plug. 


—50— 


280.  What  must  be  done  for  a governor 
when  it  is  found  that  it  will  not  allow  steam  to 
flow  to  the  pump  enroute  1 ' 

Ans.  Disconnect  small  air  pipe  union  and 
plug  it.  Control  pump  with  throttle. 

281.  What  two  pressures  do  the  red  and 
black  hand  on  gauge  represent  ? 

Ans.  Main  drum  and  train  line  or  auxiliary 
pressures.  " 

282. 4 What  is  the  matter  when  the  hands  on 
the  gauge  do  not  stand  together  when  handle 
of  brake  valve  is  in  release  position  enroute  ?. 

Ans.  Gauge  out  of  order. 

283.  How  should’ the  hands  on  gauge  stand 
when  handle  is  in  running  position  enroute  ? 

Ans.  The  black  hand  should  stand  at  train 
pipe  pressure.  The  red  hand  should  stand  at 
main  drum  pressure. 

284.  What  are  the  principal  parts  of  a West- 
inghouse  brake  valve  ? 

Ans.  The  body  cover,  the  rotary  valve  and 
handle,  equalizing  discharge  valve  and  feed 
valve  attachment. 

285.  What  are  the  principal  parts  of  a New 
York  brake  valve. 

Ans.  Body  cover,  main  slide  valve  which  is 
connected  by  a link  to.  a shaft  operated  by  a 
handle;  small  cut-off  slide  valve  which  is  con- 
trolled by  an  arm  connected  to  the  graduating 
piston. 

286.  Name  the  five  positions  for  the  handle 
of  all  automatic  brake  valves. 

Ans.  Full  release,  running  position,  lap, 
service  and  emergency. 

287.  What  is  the  purpose  of  the  running 
position  ? 


— 51 — 


Ans.  To  allow  excess  pressure  to  be  carried 
in  main  reservoirs  for  promptly  releasing 
brakes  and  recharging  auxiliary  reservoirs  and 
keeping  them  charged. 

288.  Why  must  brakes  not  be  released  in 
running  position  with  G-6  and  B-l  valves? 

Ans.  Because  it  would  not  release  all  brakes 
promptly.  Is  injurious  to  equipment, 

289.  What  is  the  purpose  of  the  feed  valve 
attachment  on  Westinghouse  brake  valves? 

Ans.  For  the  purpose  of  controlling  the 
pressure  in  train  pipe. 

290.  Will  feed  valve  attachment  supply 
leaks  if  auxiliary  reservoirs’  have  been  charged 
above  70  pounds  ? 

Ans.  No. 

291.  How  may  you  clean  and  readjust  a 
controller  or  feed  valve  when  standing? 

Ans.  Cut  out  train  line  under,  brake  valve, 
place  brake  handle  in  emergency  position  and 
proceed.  To  adjust,  take  off  cap  and  turn 
screw  plug. 

292.  Explain  how  to  clean  the  excess  pres- 
sure valve  attachment  on  New  York  brake 
valves. 

Ans.  Cut  out  train  line  under  brake  valve, 
let  off  main  drum  pressure,  place  brake  handle 
in  emergency  position,  take  out  excess  pressure 
valve,  clean  with  kerosene  and  wipe  dry  before 
replacing. 

293.  In  what  position  must 'handle  of  brake 
valve  be  carried  when  brakes  are  operated  by 
tail  hose  on  rear  of  train  ? 

Ans.  Running  position. 

294.  What  is  the  purpose  of  the  lap  posi- 
tion on  brake  valve? 


■52 — 


Ans.  Lap  position  cuts  off  all  air  supply  to 
train  pipe,  to  be  used  when  brakes  are  left  ap- 
plied and  to  preserve  main  reservoir  pressure 
when  train  pipe  suddenly  loses  its  pressure,  or 
; therwise  when  needed. 

295.  From  where  does  the  engineman  first 
draw  air  from  a Westinghouse  valve  to  cause 
a service  application  of  the  brakes! 

_Ans.  From  chamber  “D”  and  equalizing 
reservoir. 

296.  From  where  does  the  engineman  draw 
air  to  cause  an  application  of  the  brakes  when 
using  a New  York  brake  valve  ! 

Ans.  From  train  pipe  direct. 

297.  What  machinery  closes  a train  pipe 
discharge  port  following  a service  application! 

Ans.  When  train  pipe  pressure  is  reduced 
slightly  lower  than  that  in  the  supplementary 
reservoir,  that  pressure  forces  the  equalizing 
piston  back,  which  causes  the  cut-off  valve  to 
gradually  close  port  “F”  and  stop  the  train 
pressure  from  further  exhausting. 

298.  Will  the  equalizing  piston  and  valve 
close  the  emergency  port  at  any  time ! 

Ans.  No. 

299.  In  what  position  will  you  handle  brake 
valve  if  no  air  will  discharge  in  the  service 
notches ! 

Ans.  This  would  denote  bad  leak  in  train 
pipe.  Move  brake  handles  to  service  notch  the 
same  as ’though  there  was  a train  line  exhaust. 

800.  What  will  be  the  action  of  a brake 
valve  when  applying  brakes  if  an  angle  cock 
should  become  closed  about  half  way  back  in 
a long  train! 


— 53 — 


Ans.  Train  pipe  exhaust  would  be  short- 
ened when  applying  brakes,  and  the  brakes  to 
the  rear  of  this  angle  cock  would  not  set  ex- 
cept as  train  pipe  pressure  would  be  reduced 
by  leaks  which  would  undoubtedly  happen  in  a 
short  time. 

301.  What  is  the  purpose  of  the  reservoir 
attached  to  brake  valves?, 

Ans.  To  increase  the  volume  of  air  in  cham- 
ber “D”  which  is  needed  to  compensate  for 
the  volume  in  the  train  pipe. 

302.  What  must  be  done  when  brake  valve 
reservoir  loses  its  pipe  connection  emroute  ? 

Ans.  Plug  brass  pipe  union  and  train  pipe 
discharge  elbow  on  brake  valve,  and  handle 
brake  valve  very  carefully  remainder  of  trip. 

303.  How  and  where  are  running  tests  of 
brakes  to  be  made  on  passenger  trains  ? 

Ans.  By  a ten-pound  continuous  reduction, 
two  hundred  yards  after  leaving  terminal  or 
any  point  after  change  in  make-up  of  train 
has  been  made  and  two  miles  before  approach- 
ing a meeting  point  or  any  other  place  where 
an  air  brake  failure  might  be  disastrous. 

304.  How  much  pressure  must  be  drawn  off 
per  gauge  for  all  tests  when  standing  ? 

Ans.  A 20-pound  continuous  reduction. 

305.  How  would  you  make  an  emergency 
stop  T 

Ans.  Place  brake  valve  handle  in  emergency 
position  and  leave  it  there  until  train  comes 
to  full  stop  with  freight  train,  and  until  not 
less  than  five  seconds  of  time  have  elapsed  and 
the  necessity  for  the  application  has  passed 
on  passenger  train. 


—54— 


306.  What  is  the  least  train  pipe  reduction 
that  should  first  be  made  when  applying  the 
brakes  and  why? 

Ans.  Five  pounds,  so  as  to  close  leakage 
grooves ; apply  shoes  to  wheels  and  take  up 
slack  in  draw  bar. 

307.  How  can  brakes  be  graduated  to  any 
desired  force? 

Ans.  After  first  reduction  of  five  to  nine 
pounds,  lighter  train  pipe  reductions  can  be 
made  setting  brake  to  any  desired  force. 

S08.  At  what  train  pipe  reduction  are 
brakes  fully  applied  by  a service  application? 

Ans.  At  twenty  to  twenty-five  pounds. 

309.  Will  brakes  apply  without  a train  pipe 
reduction,  and  why? 

Ans.  Yes.  A leaky  slide  valve  in  triple,  or 
a leak  in  rubber  seated  emergency  valve.  Es- 
pecially if  retainer  is  turned  up. 

310.  Through  what  valves  and  pipes  does 
air  travel  from  main  reservoir  to  auxiliary  res- 
ervoirs ? 

Ans.  Through  brake  valve,  train  pipe  and 
triple  valve  to  auxiliary. 

311.  What  is  the  use  of  air  in  the  auxiliary 
reservoirs  ? 

Ans.  For  the  purpose  of  setting  the  brake. 

312.  How  much  pressure  does^  an  auxiliary 
reservoir  lose  when  the  pressure  in  train  pipe 
has  been  reduced  10  pounds  ? 

Ans.  It  loses  ten  pounds. 

313.  About  how  quickly  may  an  empty  aux- 
iliary resetvoir  be  charged  to  70  pounds? 

Ans.  70  seconds. 


— 55 — 


314.  What  three  duties  does  a triple  valve 
perform?  (a)  Explain  the  operation  of  a quick 
acting  triple  valve. 

Ans.  Recharges  auxiliary,  sets  and  releases 
the  brake,  (a)  A quick  reduction  in  the  train 
pipe  pressure  causes  the  piston  to  travel  the 
full  length  of  its  cylinder,  thereby  bringing  the 
removed  corner  of  the  slide  valve  over  a port 
which  permits  the  auxiliary  reservoir  pressure 
to  pass  down  on  top  of  the  emergency  piston, 
forcing  it  downward,  which  piston  unseats  the 
emergency  valve, thereby  forcing  a direct  open- 
ing to  the  brake  cylinder  from  above  the  emer- 
gency check  valve.  There  being  practically  no 
pressure  in  the  cylinder  and  a comparatively 
high  pressure  in  the  train  pipe,  the  latter  pres- 
sure will  unseat  the  check  valve  and  pass  into 
the  cylinder  until  the  cylinder  pressure  is 
about  equal  to  the  pressure  remaining  in  the 
train  pipei  The  check  valve  will  then  seat 
itself.  At  the  same  time  this  movement  is 
made,  another  but  much  smaller  port  is  opened 
by  the  slide  valve  leading  directly  from  the 
auxiliary  to  the  cylinders,  thus  admitting 
auxiliary  reservoir  pressure  to  the  cylinder. 

315.  Name  both  pressures  bearing  against  a 
triple  valve  piston. 

Ans.  Auxiliary  and  train  pipe  pressures. 

316.  Does  a Westinghouse  triple  valve  pis- 

ton travel  half,  or  full  stroke  for  a service 
application?  . - 

Ans.  A half  stroke. 

317.  What  machinery  stops  a Westinghouse 
triple  valve  piston  at  half  stroke? 

Ans.  Graduating  spring. 


—56— 


318.  What  is  the  effect  on  the  workings  of 
a quick  acting  triple  valve  if  its  graduating 
spring  is  weak  or  broken? 

Ans.  Triple  will  go  into  emergency  upon 
light  reduction. 

319.  Must  a triple,  valve  piston  be  in  the  ap- 
plication, or  release  position  to  charge  an  aux- 
iliary reservoir  ? 

Ans.  Release  position. 

320.  What  moves  inside  of  a brake  cylinder 
when  air  enters  ? 

Ans.  Brake  piston. 

321.  What  are  brake  pistons  packed  with  to 
make  them  air-tight? 

Ans.  Leather. 

322.  What  is  the  full  stroke  of  car  and  ten- 
der brake  piston  ? 

Ans.  Twelve  inches. 

323.  What  is  the  least  travel  to  which  tender 
and  car  pistons  should  be  adjusted?  (a)  .How 
is  this  adjustment  made? 

Ans.  Six  inches,  (a)  By  first  forcing  the 
push  rod  into  the  cylinder  as  far  as  it  will 
go;  make  a chalk  mark  on  push  rod  next  to 
piston  sleeve ; wind  the  hand  brake  taut.  The 
distance  the  chalk  mark  travels  will  equal  pis- 
ton travel.  Take  up  slack  with  brake  levers. 

324.  What  is  the  least  travel  to  which  driv- 
er brake  pistons  should  be  adjusted  on  three 
or  more  pairs  of  driving  wheels  (trailers  in- 
cluded), and  how  is  this  adjustment  made? 

Ans.  Five  inches.  Adjust  by  applying  the 
brake  and  measuring  the  travel  of  piston 
sleeve. 

325.  What  is  the  objection  to  long  piston 
travel  ? 


—57— 


Ans.  It  reduces  the  braking  power. 

326.  What  is  the  objection  to  very  short 
piston  travel? 

Ans.  It  is  destructive  to  the  equipment ; it 
must  travel  three  inches  to  cover  leakage 
groove  or  air  will  leak  out  of  cylinder. 

327.  What  makes  pistons  travel  longer  aft- 
er a few  days  ’ service  ? . 

Ans.  Wear  of  the  brake  shoes. 

328.  What  machinery  forces  pistons  back 
into  cylinders  after  brakes  have  been  released  ? 

Ans.  Release  spring  in  brake  cylinder. 

329.  How  may  a stuck  brake  be  bled? 

Ans.  By  opening  bleeder  valve  on  auxiliary. 

330.  What  is  the  last  resort  for  getting  air 
out  of  a cylinder  having  a stuck  brake  ? 

Ans.  By  loosening  bolts  in  triple  valve  cas- 
ing. 

331.  Why  should  passenger  train  brakes  not 
be  released  following  an  emergency  applica- 
tion at  low  speeds? 

Ans.  Because  it  is  destructive  to  equipment, 
especially  to  draft  gear. 

332  Why  should  passenger  train  brakes  be 
released  before  coming  to  a full  service  stop  ? 

Ans.  To  avoid  shock. 

333.  When  should  freight  train  brakes  be 
released  following  either  a service  or  emer- 
gency stop? 

Ans.  Release  should  never  be  attempted  on 
long  trains  while  in  motion  without  maximum 
excess  pressure,  when,  after  a service  reduction 
brakes  can  be  released  with  safety  at  high 
speed.  After  emergency  application  brakes 


—58—— 


should  not  be  released  until  train  has  come 
to  full  stop. 

334.  Why  should  freight  train  brakes  not 
be  released  at  low  speeds  ? 

Ans.  It  is  destructive  to  property  and 
lading.  The  head  brakes  would  release  first; 
cars  in  the  rear  of  train  being  slower  to  re- 
lease, it  would  be  liable  to  damage  draft  gear. 

335.  Why  should  the  emergency  brakes  not 
be  used  except  in  actual  emergency  cases  ? 

Ans.  It  is  destructive  to  property  and 
lading. 

336.  Why  should  passenger  train  brakes  be 
applied  and  released  twice  for  station  stops 
on  slippery  rails? 

Ans.  To  avoid  sliding  the  wheels. 

337.  Why  should  engineers  be  posted  at  all 
times  concerning  the  number  and  condition  of 
ail  brakes? 

Ans.  That  judgment  may  be  used  accord- 
ingly in  handling  the  train. 

338.  ITow  many  freight  cars  is  an  engineer 
permitted  to  haul  up  to  coal  and  water  sta- 
tion stops  without  cutting  off? 

Ans.  Twenty  or  less. 

339.  Why  should  brakes  be  left  applied 
while  engine  is  cut  off  for  taking  on  coal  or 
water  ? 

Ans.  To  prevent  train  or  engine  from  mov- 
ing from  any  cause. 

340.  Why  should  engineers  blow  air 
through  each  hose  cock  at  rear  of  tender  be- 
fore leaving  roundhouse  tracks  for  a trip? 

Ans.  To  blow  dirt  out  of  couplings  and  as- 
certain if  the  air  Is  passing  through  the  pipes. 


—59— 


341.  Should  the  sand  be  applied  before  or 
after  brakes  have  been  set  for  a service  stop  on 
slippery  rails  ? 

Ans.  Before. 

342.  Which  should  an  engineer  apply  first 
— the  sand  or  brakes — in  emergency  cases  ? 

Ans.  The  brakes,  and  the  sand  as  soon 
thereafter  as  possible. 

343.  Explain  conditions  air  appliances  must 
be  placed  in,  on  second  engine  of  a double- 
header. 

Ans.  The  double-head  cock  beneath  brake 
valve  on  second  engine  must  be  kept  closed, 
handle  of  brake  valve  left  in  running  position 
and  full  pressure  maintained  in  main  reser- 
voir.  , ' , 

344.  How  may  you  cut  out  a brake  ? 

Ans.  Turn  cut-out  cock  on  branch  pipe  and 
bleed  air  out  of  auxiliary.  , 

345.  Why  must  there  be  at  least  two  good 
quick  acting  triple  valves  next  to  tender  ? 

Ans.  So  that  brakes  can  be  applied  in 
emergency  if  necessary. 

346.  How  many  cut  out  brakes  may  be 

run  coupled  together  among  other  good 
brakes?  , 

Ans.  Never  more  than  two. 

347.  Explain  the  open  and  closed’  position 
for  the  handle  of  an  angle  cock. 

Ans.  Open  when  handles  are  lengthwise, 
and  closed  when  crosswise. 

348.  Why  must  angle  cocks  be  opened  gent- 
ly when  coupling  cars  having  air  pressure? 

Ans.  To  avoid  throwing  triple  into  emer- 
gency position. 


—60— 


349.  Explain  the  open  and  closed  position 
for  the  handle  of  a signal  hose  cock. 

Ans.  Closed  when  lengthwise,  and  open 
when  crosswise. 

350.  What  is  the  purpose  of  a retaining 
valve  and  where  is  it  located  on  a car  ? 

Ans.  To  retain  fifteen  pounds  pressure  in 
brake  cylinder  while  auxiliary  reservoir  is  be- 
ing recharged;  is  used  in  descending  heavy 
grades.  It  is  located  on  top  arid  end  of  car 
near  hand  brake  staff. 

351.  Explain  the  position  for  retaining 
valve  handle  when  not  in  use. 

Ans.  Handle  always  points  down. 

352.  How  much  pressure  does  a retaining 
valve  hold  when  its  handle  points  out? 

Ans.  Fifteen  pounds. 

353.  Where  is  this  pressure  retained? 

Ans.  In  brake  cylinder. 

354.  AVhen  air  blows  continually  from  a 
retaining  valve  is  it  out  of  order,  or  is  i-t  the 
triple-  valve  beneath  the  car  ? 

Ans.  It  is  the  triple  valve. 

355.  What  will  happen  to  a brake  if  yoji 
turn  up  retaining  valve  to  stop  a leak? 

Ans.  The  air  that  is  leaking  will  be  re- 
tained in  brake  cylinder  until  15  pounds  pres- 
sure has  been  reached,  when  retaining  valve 
will  lift  and  air  will  leak  past  retaining  valve 
the  same  as  before  turning  it  up. 

356.  Must  retaining  valves  be  operated  next 
to  the  engine  or  the  caboose  when  going  down 
grades  ? 

Ans.  Next  to  engine. 


—61— 


357.  Who  is  to  direct  the  number  of  re- 
taining valves  to  be  used? 

Ans.  The  engineer. 

358.  Must  extra  hose  complete  be  carried 
on  engine  for  the  different  train  pipes? 

Ans.  Yes. 

359.  Must  the  raised  figures  indicating  the 
date  of  both  their  application  and  removal  be 
cut  off  each  hose  ? 

Ans.  Yes. 

360.  How  may  a signal  hose  and  fittings  be 
distinguished  ? 

Ans.  By  the  word  signal  cast  on  the  body. 

361.  What  must  be  done  with  a burst 
hose  which  has  caused  damage  to  person,  lad- 
ing or  property? 

Ans.  - The  conductor  will  send  the'  hose 
carded  and  a letter  of  all  other  information  to 
his  superior  officer. 

% 362.  Will  any  excuse  be  acceptable  for 
starting  out  with  a train  without  first  testing 
the  brakes  ? 

Ans.  No. 

363.  Should  brakes  be  tested  by  rear  hose- 
cock,  or  by  brake  valve  on  engine  ? 

Ans.  By  brake  valve  on  engine. 

364.  Can  the  air  brakes  be  depended  upon 
to  hold  engine  or  cars  when  standing? 

Ans.  No,  not  very  long. 

365.  How  may  brakes  be  applied  from  sec- 
ond engine  in  case  of  an  emergency? 

Ans.  Place  brake  handle  in  emergency  posi- 
tion, cut  in  double-head  valve  under  brake 
valve. 

—62— 


366.  From  where  is  air  taken  to  supply 
water  tanks  under  Pullman  cars'? 

Ans.  Auxiliary  reservoir. 

367.  What  pressure  is  carried  in  train  sig- 
nal apparatus  and  where  is  the  adjustment 
made  ? 

Ans.  Forty  pounds.  Is  adjusted  with  air 
signal  reducing  valve  located  in  cab. 

368.  Which  valve  is  out  of  order  when 
whistle  sounds  each  time  brake  valve  handle 
has  been  moved  to  release  position  ? 

Ans.  Reducing  valve. 

369.  Which  valve  is  out  of  order  if  the 
whistle  sounds  more  than  once  for  each  pull 
of  the  cord  from  a coach? 

Ans,  Whistle  signal  valve. 

370.  Explain  all  positions  for  the  handle 
of  the  straight  air  brake  valve. 

Ans.  With  the  New  York  valve  there  are 
four  positions : release,  lap,  service  and  emer- 
gency. Westinghouse  has  three:  release,  lap 
and  application. 

371.  To  what  pressure  is  the  straight  air 
brake  controlling  valve  adjusted  ? 

Ans.  Forty  pounds. 

372.  Should  a straight  air  hose  between  en- 
gine and  tank  burst,  would  it  affect  the  auto- 
matic action  of  engine  and  tender  brakes  ? 

Ans.  No. 

373.  To  what  pressure  are  the  safety  valves 
on  driver  and  tender  brake  cylinders  ad- 
justed? 

Ans.  Not  to  exceed  fifty-three  pounds. 


— 63 — 


374.  If  safety  valves  blow  when  straight 
air  has  been  fully  applied,  what  is  the 
trouble  ? 

Ans.  It  indicates  leaky  or  too  high  adjust- 
ment of  the  reducing  valve ; leaky,  or  too  low 
adjustment  of  the  safety  valves. 

375.  Should  the  automatic  train  brakes  or 
the  locomotive  straight  air  brake  be  applied 
first  when  slowing  down  or  stopping  trains? 

Ans.  The  automatic. 

376.  Which  should  be  released  last  ? 

Ans.  Straight  air. 

377.  Where  should  handle  of  straight  air 
brake  valve  be  carried  when  not  in  use  ? 

Ans.  In  release  position. 

378.  From  what  source  do  the  air  signal, 
fire  door  opener,  bell  ringer,  track  sanders  and 
straight  air  brake  receive  their  pressure? 

Ans.  From  main  drum. 


MEMORANDA 


•65- 


MEMORANDA. 


•66- 


MEMORANDA. 


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MEMORANDA 


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MEMORANDA. 


MEMORANDA 


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